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FMCW雷达设计.pdf

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    FMCW Radar Design
    Contents
    Preface
    Acknowledgments
    Part 1 Fundamentals of Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) Radar Design
    Chapter 1 The Advent of FMCW Radars
    1.1 The Need for Stealth
    1.2 The Basic Requirements for LPI Capability
    1.3 Pseudo-LPI Radars
    1.4 CW Transmissions
    1.5 Radar Detection Range and Interception Range
    1.6 Radar Intercept Range
    1.7 Commercial LPI Radars: “Squire” Battlefield Surveillance LPI Radar
    1.8 Miscellaneous Uses of LPI Radars
    1.8.1 Altimeters
    1.8.2 Landing Systems
    1.8.3 Train Radars
    1.9 A Survey of This Book
    References
    Chapter 2 FMCW Waveform
    2.1 Introduction
    2.2 FMCW
    2.3 LFM Waveforms
    2.4 Linear Sawtooth FMCW
    2.4.1 LFM Waveform
    2.5 Linear Triangular FMCW
    2.5.1 One Target
    2.5.2 Two Targets
    2.6 Segmented Linear FMCW
    2.7 Derivation of the Swept Bandwidth
    2.8 Calculating the Range
    2.9 Matched Filter
    2.10 Storing a Replica
    2.11 Time-Bandwidth Product
    2.12 Waveform Compression
    2.12.1 LFM Waveform Compression
    2.12.2 Correlation Processor
    2.12.3 Stretch Processor
    2.13 Sidelobes and Weighting for Linear FM Systems
    2.14 Basic Equations of FMCW Radars
    2.14.1 FMCW Equation
    2.15 FMCW Radar Range Equation Revisited
    2.16 Effect of Sweep Time on Range Resolution
    2.17 Concept of Instrumented Range
    2.18 Nonlinearity in FM Waveforms
    2.19 Coherent Processing Interval
    2.20 Summary
    References
    Chapter 3 The Radar Ambiguity Function
    3.1 Introduction
    3.2 Examples of Ambiguity Functions
    3.2.1 Single-Frequency Pulse
    3.2.2 Linear FM Pulse
    3.3 Range-Doppler Coupling
    3.4 Phase-Coded Signals
    References
    Chapter 4 Noise in Radar Receivers
    4.1 Introduction
    4.2 Noise Characterization
    4.2.1 Fundamentals
    4.2.2 Noise Bandwidth
    4.3 Sources of Noise
    4.3.1 Thermal Noise
    4.3.2 Resistor Noise Characteristics
    4.3.3 Shot Noise
    4.3.4 Flicker Noise
    4.3.5 White Noise
    4.3.6 Phase Noise
    4.3.7 Avalanche Noise
    4.3.8 Burst Noise
    4.4 Noise Figure
    4.5 Effective Noise Temperature
    4.6 The Noise Figure of Multistage Systems
    4.7 Noise Figure of Other Devices
    4.8 Noise Reduction Strategies
    4.9 Noise Figure Measurement
    4.9.1 Gain Method
    4.9.2 Y-Factor Method
    4.9.3 Noise Figure Meter
    4.10 Summary
    References
    Chapter 5 Radar Detection
    5.1 Introduction
    5.2 The Detection Problem
    5.2.1 Neyman-Pearson Theorem
    5.3 Noise Probability Density Functions
    5.4 Probability of False Alarm
    5.5 Probability of Detection
    5.6 The Matched Filter
    5.7 Matched Filter in Colored Noise
    5.8 The Correlation Receiver
    5.9 Fluctuating Targets
    5.10 Integration of Pulses
    5.10.1 Coherent Integration
    5.10.2 Noncoherent Integration
    5.10.3 Cumulative Detection Probability
    5.11 CFAR Processing
    5.12 Cell-Averaging CFAR
    5.13 Design of FMCW Marine Navigation Radar
    5.14 Summary
    References
    Part 2 Radar RF Hardware and Architecture
    Chapter 6 Radar System Components
    6.1 Introduction
    6.2 Amplifiers
    6.3 Types of Amplifiers
    6.4 Amplifier Characteristics
    6.4.1 1-dB Compression Point
    6.4.2 Intermodulation Products
    6.4.3 Dynamic Range and SFDR
    6.4.4 Gain Compression and Desensitization
    6.4.5 Single-Tone Modulation
    6.4.6 Two-Tone Intermodulation
    6.4.7 Cross-modulation
    6.4.8 Nonlinearities in Power Amplifiers (PAs)
    6.5 Mixers
    6.5.1 Down-Conversion
    6.5.2 Up-Conversion
    6.5.3 Mixer Specifications
    6.5.4 Mixer Intermodulation Products
    6.5.5 Mixer Properties
    6.5.6 Mixer Hardware Issues
    6.5.7 Mixer Types
    6.6 Synthesizer PLL Phase Noise
    6.7 What Is Phase Noise?
    6.8 Passive Components
    6.9 Summary
    References
    Chapter 7
    Chapter 7 Radar Transmitter/Receiver Architectures
    7.1 Introduction
    7.2 Receiver Architectures
    7.2.1 Single-Conversion Superheterodyne Receiver
    7.2.2 Dual-Conversion Superheterodyne Receiver
    7.2.3 Direct Conversion Receiver (Zero-IF)
    7.2.4 Hartley Architecture—Image-Reject Receiver
    7.2.5 Weaver Architecture
    7.2.6 Digital IF Receiver
    7.3 Analog-to-Digital Conversion
    7.3.1 Nyquist Sampling
    7.3.2 Bandpass Sampling
    7.3.3 Effects of Sampling Rate
    7.3.4 Bandpass Sampling Theorem
    7.3.5 Undersampling Techniques for Integer Bands
    7.3.6 Locations for Bandpass Sampling
    7.3.7 SNR of ADC for Bandpass Sampling
    7.4 Low-IF Receivers
    7.5 Receiver Signal Analysis
    7.6 Transmitter Architectures
    7.6.1 Direct Conversion Transmitter: Homodyne
    7.6.2 Transmitter Architecture: Heterodyne
    7.7 Summary
    References
    Part 3 FMCW Radar Signal Processing
    Chapter 8 Doppler Processing
    8.1 Introduction
    8.2 Doppler Frequency Shift
    8.3 Pulse-Frequency Spectrum
    8.4 Doppler Ambiguities
    8.4.1 Doppler Effect
    8.5 Radar Clutter
    8.6 PRF Trade-offs
    8.7 Pulse Compression
    8.8 Doppler Processing
    8.9 The Genesis of the MTI
    8.9.1 MTI
    8.10 MTI Technology
    8.10.1 Unambiguous Range
    8.10.2 Delay-Line Cancelers
    8.10.3 Doppler Ambiguities
    8.10.4 MTI Blind Phase
    8.10.5 MTI Improvement Factor
    8.10.6 MTI Cancelers
    8.11 Staggered PRFs
    8.12 Limitations of MTI Performance
    8.13 Digital MTI
    8.14 MTDs
    8.14.1 Pulse-Doppler (PD) Radars
    8.14.2 Difference Between MTI and PD Radars
    8.14.3 MTD Schematic
    8.15 Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR 9)
    8.16 Summary
    References
    Part 4 FMCW Radar Design Tutorials
    Chapter 9 Design and Development of FMCW Battlefield Surveillance Radar
    9.1 Introduction
    9.2 Problem Statement
    9.3 Specifications Analysis
    9.4 Range Resolution
    9.5 Sweep Bandwidths
    9.6 Frequency of Radar Operation and Choice of Transmitter
    9.7 Sweep Repetition Interval
    9.8 Cell-Averaging CFAR
    9.9 Power Output Control
    9.10 IF Bandwidth
    9.11 Blanking
    9.12 Schematic Details (SystemVue®)
    9.13 Performance Evaluation
    9.14 Signal Processing
    9.15 Range FFT
    9.16 Centroiding
    9.17 CFAR and Threshold
    9.18 Antenna
    9.19 In God We Trust, the Rest We Track
    9.19.1 The Radar Tracker
    9.19.2 General Approach
    9.19.3 Plot to Track Association
    9.19.4 Track Initiation
    9.19.5 Track Maintenance
    9.19.6 Track Smoothing
    9.19.7 Alpha-Beta Tracker
    9.19.8 Kalman Filter
    9.19.9 Multiple Hypothesis Tracker (MHT)
    9.19.10 Interacting Multiple Model (IMM)
    9.19.11 Nonlinear Tracking Algorithms
    9.19.12 EKF
    9.19.13 UKF
    9.19.14 Particle Filter
    9.19.15 Commercial Tracking Software
    References
    Chapter 10 Design and Development of FMCW Marine Navigation Radar
    10.1 Introduction
    10.2 Problem Statement
    10.3 Product Description
    10.3 Specification Analysis
    10.4 Range Resolution
    10.5 Sweep Bandwidths
    10.6 Frequency of Radar Operation and Choice Of Transmitter
    10.7 Sweep Repetition Interval
    10.8 Selection of IF Filter Bandwidth
    10.9 Radar Clutter and Clutter Mapping
    10.10 Power Output
    10.11 Performance Evaluation
    10.12 Signal Processing
    10.13 Antenna
    10.14 Basic Guidelines in RF System Design Using SystemVue®
    References
    Chapter 11 Antiship Missile Seeker
    11.1 Introduction
    11.2 System Specifications
    11.2.1 Main Operational Features
    11.2.2 Technical Specifications
    11.3 RBS15 Mk3 Guidance System
    11.4 Warhead and Propulsion of RBS15 Mk3 SSM
    11.5 Missile Altimeter
    11.6 Active Radar Seeker
    11.7 Seeker Specifications (Speculative)
    11.8 Operational Procedure
    11.9 System Performance (Speculative)
    11.9.1 Target Detection and Identification
    11.9.2 Flight Profile
    11.9.3 Radar Front End
    11.9.4 Antenna and Scanner
    11.9.5 Signal Processing
    11.9.6 Performance in Sea Clutter
    11.9.7 Target Identification
    11.10 Basic Principles of Homing Guidance
    11.10.1 Handover Analysis
    11.10.2 Engagement Kinematics
    11.10.3 Development of PN Guidance Law
    11.10.4 Simulations
    11.10.5 Extraction of LOS Rate
    11.10.6 Radome Design Requirements
    11.11 Further Studies
    11.12 The Results
    11.13 Altimeter
    11.14 FMICW Radar
    11.15 Design of the FMICW Altimeter
    11.16 Measurement Strategy
    11.17 Radar Controller
    11.18 Signal Processing
    11.19 Micro Radar Altimeter
    References
    Appendix A FMCW Radar Designer GUI
    Appendix B SNR Calculations in Radars
    B.1 Introduction
    B.2 Coherent Integration
    B.3 Noncoherent Integration
    B.4 MTI Radar
    B.5 Comparing to Chirp-Pulse Radars
    B.6 MTD Radar
    B.7 BFSR Analysis
    B.7.1 BFSR as MTI
    B.7.2 BFSR as MTD
    B.8 Dynamic Range Reexamined
    B.9 ADC 9255
    B.9 Measured noise floor at ADC input: −65 dBm
    References
    Appendix C AAFs
    C.1 Introduction
    C.2 Bandwidth Issues
    About the Author
    Index
    FMCW Radar Design 6808_Book.indb 1 6/20/18 6:41 PM
    For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Radar Series, turn to the back of this book. 6808_Book.indb 2 6/20/18 6:41 PM
    FMCW Radar Design M. Jankiraman a r t e c h h o u s e . c o m 6808_Book.indb 3 6/20/18 6:41 PM
    Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 13: 978-1-63081-567-7 Cover design by John Gomes For supplemental materials to this book, please visit http://us.artechhouse.com/Assets/ downloads/jankiraman_567.zip. © 2018 Artech House 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 6808_Book.indb 4 6/20/18 6:41 PM
    Dedicated to my grandchildren: Manuel, Maria, and Neha. The future belongs to you! Carpe diem! 6808_Book.indb 5 6/20/18 6:41 PM
    6808_Book.indb 6 6/20/18 6:41 PM
    Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Fundamentals of Low Probability of Intercept Radar Design xv xvii 1 CHAPTER 1 The Advent of FMCW Radars 3 The Need for Stealth 3 1.1 1.2 The Basic Requirements for LPI Capability 4 Pseudo-LPI Radars 1.3 5 CW Transmissions 1.4 5 Radar Detection Range and Interception Range 6 1.5 1.6 Radar Intercept Range 12 Commercial LPI Radars: SQUIRE Battlefield Surveillance LPI Radar 12 1.7 14 1.8 Miscellaneous Uses of LPI Radars 14 15 15 15 18 1.8.1 Altimeters 1.8.2 Landing Systems 1.8.3 Train Radars A Survey of This Book References 1.9 CHAPTER 2 FMCW Waveform 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Introduction FMCW LFM Waveforms Linear Sawtooth FMCW 2.4.1 LFM Waveform Linear Triangular FMCW 2.5.1 One Target 2.5.2 Two Targets Segmented Linear FMCW 2.5 2.6 2.7 Derivation of the Swept Bandwidth 2.8 Calculating the Range 19 19 19 20 20 25 29 29 29 31 31 32 vii 6808_Book.indb 7 6/20/18 6:41 PM
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