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C++ Reactive Programming.pdf
Cover
Title Page
Copyright and Credits
Packt Upsell
Contributors
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Reactive Programming Model – Overview and History
Event-driven programming model
Event-driven programming on X Windows
Event-driven programming on Microsoft Windows
Event-driven programming under Qt
Event-driven programming under MFC
Other event-driven programming models
Limitations of classical event processing models
Reactive programming model
Functional reactive programming
The key interfaces of a reactive program
Pull-versus push-based reactive programming
The IEnumerable/IObservable duality
Converting events to IObservable
The philosophy of our book
Summary
Chapter 2: A Tour of Modern C++ and its Key Idioms
The key concerns of the C++ programming language
Zero cost abstraction
Expressivity
Substitutability
Enhancements to C++ for writing better code
Type deduction and inference
Uniform initialization of variables
Variadic templates
Rvalue references
Move semantics
Smart pointers
Lambda functions
Functors and Lambdas
Composition, currying, and partial function application
Function wrappers
Composing functions together with the pipe operator
Miscellaneous features
Fold expressions
Variant type
Other important topics
Range-based for loops and observables
Summary
Chapter 3: Language-Level Concurrency and Parallelism in C++
What is concurrency?
Hello World of concurrency (using std::thread)
Managing threads
Thread launch
Thread join
Passing arguments into a thread
Using Lambdas
Ownership management
Sharing data between threads
Mutexes
Avoiding deadlock
Locking with std::unique_lock
Condition variables
A thread-safe stack data structure
Summary
Chapter 4: Asynchronous and Lock-Free Programming in C++
Task-based parallelism in C++
Future and promise
std::packaged_task
std::async
C++ memory model
Memory access and concurrency
The modification contract
Atomic operations and types in C++
Atomic types
std::atomic_flag
std::atomic
Standard atomic integral types
std::atomic – pointer arithmetic
std::atomic<> primary class template
Memory ordering
Sequential consistency
Acquire-release ordering
Relaxed ordering
A lock-free data structure queue
Summary
Chapter 5: Introduction to Observables
The GoF Observer pattern
The limitations of the GoF Observer pattern
A holistic look at GoF patterns
The OOP programming model and hierarchies
A Composite/Visitor pattern for expression processing
Flattening the composite for iterative processing
Map and filter operations on the list
Reversing the gaze for Observables!
Summary
Chapter 6: Introduction to Event Stream Programming Using C++
What is Stream programming model?
Advantages of the Stream programming model
Applied Stream programming using the Streams library
Lazy evaluation
A simple Stream program
Aggregating values using the Stream paradigm
The STL and the Stream paradigm
A word about the Streams library
Event Stream programming
Advantages of Event Stream programming
The Streamulus library and its programming model
The Streamulus library – a peek into its internals
The Streamulus Library – a look into expression processing
The spreadsheet Library — a change-propagation engine
RaftLib – another Stream-processing library
What do these things have to do with Rx programming?
Summary
Chapter 7: Introduction to Data Flow Computation and the RxCpp Library
The data flow computation paradigm
An introduction to the RxCpp library
The RxCpp library and its programming model
A simple Observable/Observer interaction
Filters and transformations with Observables
Streaming values from C++ containers
Creating Observables from scratch
Concatenating Observable Streams
Unsubscribing from Observable Streams
An introduction to marble diagrams for visual representation
RxCpp (Stream) operators
The average operator
The scan operator
Composing operators through the pipe operator
Working with Schedulers
A tale of two operators – flat versus concat map
More operators that are of importance
A peek into the things we haven't covered yet
Summary
Chapter 8: RxCpp – the Key Elements
Observables
What's a producer?
Hot versus cold Observables
Hot Observables
Hot Observables and the replay mechanism
Observers and their variants (subscribers)
Subjects
Schedulers
ObserveOn versus SubscribeOn
The RunLoop Scheduler
Operators
Creational operators
Transformation operators
Filtering operators
Combining operators
Error-handling operators
Observable utility operators
Conditional and Boolean operators
Mathematical and aggregate operators
Connectable Observable operators
Summary
Chapter 9: Reactive GUI Programming Using Qt/C++
A quick introduction to Qt GUI programming
Qt object model
Signals and slots
Event system
Event handlers
Sending events
Meta-object system
Hello World – Qt program
Qt event model with signals/slots/MOC – an example
Creating a custom widget
Creating the application dialog
Executing the application
Integrating the RxCpp library with the Qt event model
Qt event filter – a reactive approach
Creating the window – setting layouts and alignments
Event type specific observables
An introduction to RxQt
Summary
Chapter 10: Design Patterns and Idioms for C++ Rx Programming
The OOP and design patterns movement
Key pattern catalogs
GOF patterns
POSA catalog
The design pattern redux
From design patterns to reactive programming
Flattening the hierarchy to navigate through them
From iterators to observables
The cell pattern
The active object pattern
Resource loan pattern
The event bus pattern
Summary
Chapter 11: Reactive Microservices Using C++
The C++ language and web programming
The REST programming model
The C++ REST SDK
HTTP client programming using the C++ REST SDK
HTTP server programming using the C++ REST SDK
Testing the HTTP server using CURL and POSTMAN
The libcurl and the HTTP client programming
Kirk Shoop's CURL Wrapper library
The JSON and HTTP protocols
The C++ REST SDK-based REST server
Invoking REST services using the RxCurl library
A word about the Reactive microservices architecture
Fine-grained services
Polyglot persistence
Independent deployment
Service orchestration and choreography
Reactive web service call
Summary
Chapter 12: Advanced Streams and Handling Errors
A short recap of the characteristics of a reactive system
RxCpp error and exception handling operators
Executing an action on an error
Resuming when an error occurs
Retry when an error occurs
Cleanup with the finally() operator
Schedulers and error handling
Event-based Stream handling – some examples
Aggregation based on Stream data
Application event handling example
Summary
Other Books You May Enjoy
Index
C++ Reactive Programming
Design concurrent and asynchronous applications using the
RxCpp library and Modern C++17
Praseed Pai
Peter Abraham
BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
C++ Reactive Programming
Copyright © 2018 Packt Publishing
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or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations
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However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the
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have been caused directly or indirectly by this book.
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mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy
of this information.
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First published: June 2018
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ISBN 978-1-78862-977-5
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Contributors
About the authors
Praseed Pai has been working in the software industry for the last 25 years, starting his
career as a MS-DOS systems programmer using ANSI C. He has been actively involved in
developing large-scale, cross-platform, native code-based systems using C++ on Windows,
GNU Linux, and macOS X. He has experience in COM+ and CORBA programming using
C++. In the last decade, he has worked with Java- and .NET-based systems.
He is the primary implementer of the SLANG4.net compilation system, which has been
ported to C++ with an LLVM backend. He coauthored .NET Design Patterns, by Packt
Publishing.
Peter Abraham has been a performance fanatic and a C/C++ programming language
enthusiast right from his college days, where he excelled in Microsoft Windows
programming and GNU Linux programming. He garnered experience in working with
CUDA, image processing, and computer graphics programs by virtue of working with
companies such as Quest Global, Siemens, and Tektronics.
Peter has been eagerly following the C++ standard and RxCpp libraries as part of his
profession. He has worked with cross-platform GUI toolkits such as Qt, WxWidgets, and
FOX toolkit.
About the reviewer
Sumant Tambe is a software engineer, researcher, open source contributor, blogger,
speaker, author, and gamer. He is experienced in using Modern C++, Kafka, data
distribution service, reactive programming, and stream processing to solve new problems
in big data and industrial IoT.
He has authored C++ Truths blog and the More C++ Idioms wikibook. He shares his learnings
on his blog, and at local code camps, meetups, and conferences. He has been a recipient of
the Microsoft MVP Award in development technologies for 5 years. He has a PhD in
computer science from Vanderbilt University.
Packt is searching for authors like you
If you're interested in becoming an author for Packt, please visit authors.packtpub.com
and apply today. We have worked with thousands of developers and tech professionals,
just like you, to help them share their insight with the global tech community. You can
make a general application, apply for a specific hot topic that we are recruiting an author
for, or submit your own idea.
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Reactive Programming Model – Overview and History
Event-driven programming model
Event-driven programming on X Windows
Event-driven programming on Microsoft Windows
Event-driven programming under Qt
Event-driven programming under MFC
Other event-driven programming models
Limitations of classical event processing models
Reactive programming model
Functional reactive programming
The key interfaces of a reactive program
Pull-versus push-based reactive programming
Converting events to IObservable
The philosophy of our book
Summary
The IEnumerable/IObservable duality
Chapter 2: A Tour of Modern C++ and its Key Idioms
The key concerns of the C++ programming language
Zero cost abstraction
Expressivity
Substitutability
Enhancements to C++ for writing better code
Type deduction and inference
Uniform initialization of variables
Variadic templates
Rvalue references
Move semantics
Smart pointers
Lambda functions
Functors and Lambdas
Composition, currying, and partial function application
Function wrappers
Composing functions together with the pipe operator
Miscellaneous features
Fold expressions
Variant type
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Table of Contents
Other important topics
Range-based for loops and observables
Summary
Chapter 3: Language-Level Concurrency and Parallelism in C++
What is concurrency?
Hello World of concurrency (using std::thread)
Managing threads
Thread launch
Thread join
Passing arguments into a thread
Using Lambdas
Sharing data between threads
Ownership management
Mutexes
Avoiding deadlock
Locking with std::unique_lock
Condition variables
A thread-safe stack data structure
Summary
Chapter 4: Asynchronous and Lock-Free Programming in C++
Task-based parallelism in C++
Future and promise
std::packaged_task
std::async
C++ memory model
Memory access and concurrency
The modification contract
Atomic operations and types in C++
Atomic types
std::atomic_flag
std::atomic
std::atomic – pointer arithmetic
std::atomic<> primary class template
Standard atomic integral types
Memory ordering
Sequential consistency
Acquire-release ordering
Relaxed ordering
A lock-free data structure queue
Summary
Chapter 5: Introduction to Observables
The GoF Observer pattern
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