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802.11 Wireless Networks_ The Definitive Guide, 2nd Edition.pdf
802.11® Wireless Networks The Definitive Guide
Table of Contents
Copyright
Foreword
Preface
Prometheus Untethered: The Possibilities of Wireless LANs
Audience
Overture for Book in Black and White, Opus 2
Conventions Used in This Book
How to Contact Us
Safari Enabled
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. Introduction to Wireless Networking
Why Wireless?
What Makes Wireless Networks Different
A Network by Any Other Name...
Chapter 2. Overview of 802.11 Networks
IEEE 802 Network Technology Family Tree
802.11 Nomenclature and Design
802.11 Network Operations
Mobility Support
Chapter 3. 802.11 MAC Fundamentals
Challenges for the MAC
MAC Access Modes and Timing
Contention-Based Access Using the DCF
Fragmentation and Reassembly
Frame Format
Encapsulation of Higher-Layer Protocols Within 802.11
Contention-Based Data Service
Frame Processing and Bridging
Chapter 4. 802.11 Framing in Detail
Data Frames
Control Frames
Management Frames
Frame Transmission and Association and Authentication States
Chapter 5. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
Cryptographic Background to WEP
WEP Cryptographic Operations
Problems with WEP
Dynamic WEP
Chapter 6. User Authentication with 802.1X
The Extensible Authentication Protocol
EAP Methods
802.1X: Network Port Authentication
802.1X on Wireless LANs
Chapter 7. 802.11i: Robust Security Networks, TKIP, and CCMP
The Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)
Counter Mode with CBC-MAC (CCMP)
Robust Security Network (RSN) Operations
Chapter 8. Management Operations
Management Architecture
Scanning
Authentication
Preauthentication
Association
Power Conservation
Timer Synchronization
Spectrum Management
Chapter 9. Contention-Free Service with the PCF
Contention-Free Access Using the PCF
Detailed PCF Framing
Power Management and the PCF
Chapter 10. Physical Layer Overview
Physical-Layer Architecture
The Radio Link
RF Propagation with 802.11
RF Engineering for 802.11
Chapter 11. The Frequency-Hopping (FH) PHY
Frequency-Hopping Transmission
Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK)
FH PHY Convergence Procedure (PLCP)
Frequency-Hopping PMD Sublayer
Characteristics of the FH PHY
Chapter 12. The Direct Sequence PHYs: DSSS and HR/DSSS (802.11b)
Direct Sequence Transmission
Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)
The
Complementary Code Keying
High Rate Direct Sequence PHY
Chapter 13. 802.11a and 802.11j: 5-GHz OFDM PHY
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
OFDM as Applied by 802.11a
OFDM PLCP
OFDM PMD
Characteristics of the OFDM PHY
Chapter 14. 802.11g: The Extended-Rate PHY (ERP)
802.11g Components
ERP Physical Layer Convergence (PLCP)
ERP Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) Layer
Chapter 15. A Peek Ahead at 802.11n: MIMO-OFDM
Common Features
WWiSE
TGnSync
Comparison and Conclusions
Chapter 16. 802.11 Hardware
General Structure of an 802.11 Interface
Implementation-Specific Behavior
Reading the Specification Sheet
Chapter 17. Using 802.11 on Windows
Windows XP
Windows 2000
Windows Computer Authentication
Chapter 18. 802.11 on the Macintosh
The AirPort Extreme Card
802.1X on the AirPort
Chapter 19. Using 802.11 on Linux
PCMCIA Support on Linux
Linux Wireless Extensions and Tools
Agere (Lucent) Orinoco
Atheros-Based cards and MADwifi
802.1X on Linux with xsupplicant
Chapter 20. Using 802.11 Access Points
General Functions of an Access Point
Power over Ethernet (PoE)
Selecting Access Points
Cisco 1200 Access Point
Apple AirPort
Chapter 21. Logical Wireless Network Architecture
Evaluating a Logical Architecture
Topology Examples
Choosing Your Logical Architecture
Chapter 22. Security Architecture
Security Definition and Analysis
Authentication and Access Control
Ensuring Secrecy Through Encryption
Selecting Security Protocols
Rogue Access Points
Chapter 23. Site Planning and Project Management
Project Planning and Requirements
Network Requirements
Physical Layer Selection and Design
Planning Access-Point Placement
Using Antennas to Tailor Coverage
Chapter 24. 802.11 Network Analysis
Network Analyzers
Ethereal
802.11 Network Analysis Checklist
Other Tools
Chapter 25. 802.11 Performance Tuning
802.11 Performance Calculations
Improving Performance
Tunable 802.11 Parameters
Chapter 26. Conclusions and Predictions
Standards Work
Current Trends in Wireless Networking
The End
glossary
About the Author
Colophon
Index
SYMBOL
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
802.11® Wireless Networks The Definitive Guide
802.11® Wireless Networks The Definitive Guide
By Matthew Gast
By Matthew Gast
...............................................
...............................................
Publisher: O'Reilly
Publisher: O'Reilly
Pub Date: April 2005
Pub Date: April 2005
ISBN: 0-596-10052-3
ISBN: 0-596-10052-3
Pages: 656
Pages: 656
Table of Contents | Index
Table of Contents | Index
As we all know by now, wireless networks offer many advantages over fixed (or wired) networks.
As we all know by now, wireless networks offer many advantages over fixed (or wired) networks.
Foremost on that list is mobility, since going wireless frees you from the tether of an Ethernet cable
Foremost on that list is mobility, since going wireless frees you from the tether of an Ethernet cable
at a desk. But that's just the tip of the cable-free iceberg. Wireless networks are also more flexible,
at a desk. But that's just the tip of the cable-free iceberg. Wireless networks are also more flexible,
faster and easier for you to use, and more affordable to deploy and maintain.
faster and easier for you to use, and more affordable to deploy and maintain.
The de facto standard for wireless networking is the 802.11 protocol, which includes Wi-Fi (the
The de facto standard for wireless networking is the 802.11 protocol, which includes Wi-Fi (the
wireless standard known as 802.11b) and its faster cousin, 802.11g. With easy-to-install 802.11
wireless standard known as 802.11b) and its faster cousin, 802.11g. With easy-to-install 802.11
network hardware available everywhere you turn, the choice seems simple, and many people dive
network hardware available everywhere you turn, the choice seems simple, and many people dive
into wireless computing with less thought and planning than they'd give to a wired network. But it's
into wireless computing with less thought and planning than they'd give to a wired network. But it's
wise to be familiar with both the capabilities and risks associated with the 802.11 protocols. And
wise to be familiar with both the capabilities and risks associated with the 802.11 protocols. And
802.11 Wireless Networks: The Definitive Guide, 2nd Edition is the perfect place to start.
802.11 Wireless Networks: The Definitive Guide, 2nd Edition is the perfect place to start.
This updated edition covers everything you'll ever need to know about wireless technology.
This updated edition covers everything you'll ever need to know about wireless technology.
Designed with the system administrator or serious home user in mind, it's a no-nonsense guide for
Designed with the system administrator or serious home user in mind, it's a no-nonsense guide for
setting up 802.11 on Windows and Linux. Among the wide range of topics covered are discussions
setting up 802.11 on Windows and Linux. Among the wide range of topics covered are discussions
on:
on:
deployment considerations
deployment considerations
network monitoring and performance tuning
network monitoring and performance tuning
wireless security issues
wireless security issues
how to use and select access points
how to use and select access points
network monitoring essentials
network monitoring essentials
wireless card configuration
wireless card configuration
security issues unique to wireless networks
security issues unique to wireless networks
With wireless technology, the advantages to its users are indeed plentiful. Companies no longer
With wireless technology, the advantages to its users are indeed plentiful. Companies no longer
have to deal with the hassle and expense of wiring buildings, and households with several
have to deal with the hassle and expense of wiring buildings, and households with several
computers can avoid fights over who's online. And now, with 802.11 Wireless Networks: The
computers can avoid fights over who's online. And now, with 802.11 Wireless Networks: The
Definitive Guide, 2nd Edition, you can integrate wireless technology into your current infrastructure
Definitive Guide, 2nd Edition, you can integrate wireless technology into your current infrastructure
with the utmost confidence.
with the utmost confidence.
802.11® Wireless Networks The Definitive Guide
By Matthew Gast
...............................................
Publisher: O'Reilly
Pub Date: April 2005
ISBN: 0-596-10052-3
Pages: 656
Table of Contents | Index
Copyright
Foreword
Preface
Prometheus Untethered: The Possibilities of Wireless LANs
Audience
Overture for Book in Black and White, Opus 2
Conventions Used in This Book
How to Contact Us
Safari Enabled
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. Introduction to Wireless Networking
Why Wireless?
What Makes Wireless Networks Different
A Network by Any Other Name...
Chapter 2. Overview of 802.11 Networks
IEEE 802 Network Technology Family Tree
802.11 Nomenclature and Design
802.11 Network Operations
Mobility Support
Chapter 3. 802.11 MAC Fundamentals
Challenges for the MAC
MAC Access Modes and Timing
Contention-Based Access Using the DCF
Fragmentation and Reassembly
Frame Format
Encapsulation of Higher-Layer Protocols Within 802.11
Contention-Based Data Service
Frame Processing and Bridging
Chapter 4. 802.11 Framing in Detail
Data Frames
Control Frames
Management Frames
Frame Transmission and Association and Authentication States
Chapter 5. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
Cryptographic Background to WEP
WEP Cryptographic Operations
Problems with WEP
Dynamic WEP
Chapter 6. User Authentication with 802.1X
The Extensible Authentication Protocol
EAP Methods
802.1X: Network Port Authentication
802.1X on Wireless LANs
Chapter 7. 802.11i: Robust Security Networks, TKIP, and CCMP
The Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)
Counter Mode with CBC-MAC (CCMP)
Robust Security Network (RSN) Operations
Chapter 8. Management Operations
Management Architecture
Scanning
Authentication
Preauthentication
Association
Power Conservation
Timer Synchronization
Spectrum Management
Chapter 9. Contention-Free Service with the PCF
Contention-Free Access Using the PCF
Detailed PCF Framing
Power Management and the PCF
Chapter 10. Physical Layer Overview
Physical-Layer Architecture
The Radio Link
RF Propagation with 802.11
RF Engineering for 802.11
Chapter 11. The Frequency-Hopping (FH) PHY
Frequency-Hopping Transmission
Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK)
FH PHY Convergence Procedure (PLCP)
Frequency-Hopping PMD Sublayer
Characteristics of the FH PHY
Chapter 12. The Direct Sequence PHYs: DSSS and HR/DSSS (802.11b)
Direct Sequence Transmission
Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)
The "Original" Direct Sequence PHY
Complementary Code Keying
High Rate Direct Sequence PHY
Chapter 13. 802.11a and 802.11j: 5-GHz OFDM PHY
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
OFDM as Applied by 802.11a
OFDM PLCP
OFDM PMD
Characteristics of the OFDM PHY
Chapter 14. 802.11g: The Extended-Rate PHY (ERP)
802.11g Components
ERP Physical Layer Convergence (PLCP)
ERP Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) Layer
Chapter 15. A Peek Ahead at 802.11n: MIMO-OFDM
Common Features
WWiSE
TGnSync
Comparison and Conclusions
Chapter 16. 802.11 Hardware
General Structure of an 802.11 Interface
Implementation-Specific Behavior
Reading the Specification Sheet
Chapter 17. Using 802.11 on Windows
Windows XP
Windows 2000
Windows Computer Authentication
Chapter 18. 802.11 on the Macintosh
The AirPort Extreme Card
802.1X on the AirPort
Chapter 19. Using 802.11 on Linux
PCMCIA Support on Linux
Linux Wireless Extensions and Tools
Agere (Lucent) Orinoco
Atheros-Based cards and MADwifi
802.1X on Linux with xsupplicant
Chapter 20. Using 802.11 Access Points
General Functions of an Access Point
Power over Ethernet (PoE)
Selecting Access Points
Cisco 1200 Access Point
Apple AirPort
Chapter 21. Logical Wireless Network Architecture
Evaluating a Logical Architecture
Topology Examples
Choosing Your Logical Architecture
Chapter 22. Security Architecture
Security Definition and Analysis
Authentication and Access Control
Ensuring Secrecy Through Encryption
Selecting Security Protocols
Rogue Access Points
Chapter 23. Site Planning and Project Management
Project Planning and Requirements
Network Requirements
Physical Layer Selection and Design
Planning Access-Point Placement
Using Antennas to Tailor Coverage
Chapter 24. 802.11 Network Analysis
Network Analyzers
Ethereal
802.11 Network Analysis Checklist
Other Tools
Chapter 25. 802.11 Performance Tuning
802.11 Performance Calculations
Improving Performance
Tunable 802.11 Parameters
Chapter 26. Conclusions and Predictions
Standards Work
Current Trends in Wireless Networking
The End
glossary
About the Author
Colophon
Index
802.11® Wireless Networks: The Definitive Guide, Second Edition
by Matthew S. Gast
Copyright © 2005 Matthew S. Gast. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O'Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
O'Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions
are also available for most titles (safari.oreilly.com). For more information, contact our
corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com.
Editor:
Production Editor:
Cover Designer:
Interior Designer:
Printing History:
April 2002:
April 2005:
Mike Loukides
Colleen Gorman
Ellie Volckhausen
David Futato
First Edition.
Second Edition.
Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O'Reilly logo are registered trademarks of
O'Reilly Media, Inc. 802.11® Wireless Networks: The Definitive Guide, Second Edition, the image of a
horseshoe bat, and related trade dress are trademarks of O'Reilly Media, Inc.
802.11® and all 802.11-based trademarks and logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of
IEEE, Inc. in the United States and other countries. O'Reilly Media, Inc. is independent of IEEE.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed
as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O'Reilly Media, Inc. was aware of
a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps.
While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author
assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the
information contained herein.
ISBN: 0-596-10052-3
[M]
Foreword
Matthew Gast was my mentor long before I met him. I began reporting on wireless data networking
in October 2000 when I discovered that Apple's claims for its 802.11b-based AirPort Base Station
were actually true.
I'd been burned with another form of wireless networking that used infrared, and had spent many
fruitless hours using other "interesting" networking technologies that led to dead ends. I figured
802.11b was just another one. Was I glad I was wrong!
This discovery took me down a path that led, inexorably, to the first edition of 802.11 Wireless
Networks. How did this stuff actually work as advertised? I knew plenty about the ISO model, TCP/IP,
and Ethernet frames, but I couldn't reconcile a medium in which all parties talked in the same space
with what I knew about Ethernet's methods of coping with shared contention.
Matthew taught me through words and figures that I didn't originally understand, but returned to
again and again as I descended further into technical detail in my attempts to explain Wi-Fi to a
broader and broader audience through articles in The New York Times, The Seattle Times, PC World,
and my own Wi-Fi Networking News (http://www.wifinetnews.com) site over the last five years.
I starting learning acronyms from 802.11 Wireless Networks and used Matthew's book to go beyond
expanding WDS into Wireless Distribution System into understanding precisely how two access points
could exchange data with each other through a built-in 802.11 mechanism that allowed four parties
to a packet's transit.
Now as time went by and the 802.11 family grew and became baroque, the first edition of this title
started feeling a little out of datealthough it remained surprising how many "new" innovations were
firmly rooted in developments of the early to mid-1990s. The alphabet soup of the first edition was
gruel compared to the mulligatawny of 2005.
Matthew filled the gap between the book and contemporary wireless reality through his ongoing
writing at O'Reilly's Wireless DevCenter, which I read avidly. And somewhere in there I was
introduced to Matthew at a Wi-Fi Planet conference. We hit it off immediately: I started pestering him
for details about 802.1X, if I remember correctly, and he wanted to talk about books and business. (I
wound up writing two editions of a general market Wi-Fi book, neither of which did nearly as well as
Matthew's extraordinarily technical one.)
Since then, I have been in the rare and privileged position to be the recipient of Matthew's generosity
with his knowledge and humble insight. Matthew isn't one who assumes; he researches. His natural
curiosity compels him to dig until he gets an answer that's technically and logically consistent.
Take, for instance, the incredibly political and complicated evolution of the 802.1X standard. (I know,
from Matthew, that it's properly capitalized since it's a freestanding standard not reliant on other
specifications. Even the IEEE makes this mistake, and it's their rule for capitalization that we're both
following.)
802.1X is simple enough in its use of the Extensible Authentication Protocol, a generic method of
passing messages among parties to authentication. But the ways in which EAP is secured are, quite
frankly, insanereflecting Microsoft and Cisco's parallel but conflicting attempts to control support of
legacy protocols in a way that only damages easy access to its higher level of security.
Matthew eschewed the religious debate and spelled out the various methods, difficulties, and
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