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Digital Signal Processing-A Practical Guide for Engineers and Sc....pdf

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    Cover
    Frontmatter
    Half Title Page
    Title Page
    Copyright
    Contents at A Glance
    Table of Contents
    Preface
    Chapter 1. The Breadth and Depth of DSP
    The Roots of DSP
    Telecommunications
    Audio Processing
    Echo Location
    Image Processing
    Chapter 2. Statistics, Probability and Noise
    Signal and Graph Terminology
    Mean and Standard Deviation
    Signal vs. Underlying Process
    The Histogram, Pmf and Pdf
    The Normal Distribution
    Digital Noise Generation
    Precision and Accuracy
    Chapter 3. ADC and DAC
    Quantization
    The Sampling Theorem
    Digital-to-Analog Conversion
    Analog Filters for Data Conversion
    Selecting the Antialias Filter
    Multirate Data Conversion
    Single-Bit Data Conversion
    Chapter 4. DSP Software
    Computer Numbers
    Fixed Point (Integers)
    Floating Point (Real Numbers)
    Number Precision
    Execution Speed: Program Language
    Execution Speed: Hardware
    Execution Speed: Programming Tips
    Chapter 5. Linear Systems
    Signals and Systems
    Requirements for Linearity
    Static Linearity and Sinusoidal Fidelity
    Examples of Linear and Nonlinear Systems
    Special Properties of Linearity
    Superposition: The Foundation of DSP
    Common Decompositions
    Alternatives to Linearity
    Chapter 6. Convolution
    The Delta Function and Impulse Response
    Convolution
    The Input Side Algorithm
    The Output Side Algorithm
    The Sum of Weighted Inputs
    Chapter 7. Properties of Convolution
    Common Impulse Responses
    Mathematical Properties
    Correlation
    Speed
    Chapter 8. The Discrete Fourier Transform
    The Family of Fourier Transform
    Notation and Format of the Real DFT
    The Frequency Domain's Independent Variable
    DFT Basis Functions
    Synthesis, Calculating the Inverse DFT
    Analysis, Calculating the DFT
    Duality
    Polar Notation
    Polar Nuisances
    Chapter 9. Applications of the DFT
    Spectral Analysis of Signals
    Frequency Response of Systems
    Convolution via the Frequency Domain
    Chapter 10. Fourier Transform Properties
    Linearity of the Fourier Transform
    Characteristics of the Phase
    Periodic Nature of the DFT
    Compression and Expansion, Multirate Methods
    Multiplying Signals (Amplitude Modulation)
    The Discrete Time Fourier Transform
    Parseval's Relation
    Chapter 11. Fourier Transform Pairs
    Delta Function Pairs
    The Sinc Function
    Other Transform Pairs
    Gibbs Effect
    Harmonics
    Chirp Signals
    Chapter 12. The Fast Fourier Transform
    Real DFT Using the Complex DFT
    How the FFT Works
    FFT Programs
    Speed and Precision Comparisons
    Further Speed Increases
    Chapter 13. Continuous Signal Processing
    The Delta Function
    Convolution
    The Fourier Transform
    The Fourier Series
    Chapter 14. Introduction to Digital Filters
    Filter Basics
    How Information Is Represented in Signals
    Time Domain Parameters
    Frequency Domain Parameters
    High-Pass, Band-Pass and Band-Reject Filters
    Filter Classification
    Chapter 15. Moving Average Filters
    Implementation by ConvoIution
    Noise Reduction vs. Step Response
    Frequency Response
    Relatives of the Moving Average Filter
    Recursive Implementation
    Chapter 16. Windowed-Sinc Filters
    Strategy of the Windowed-Sinc
    Designing the Filter
    Examples of Windowed-Sinc Filters
    Pushing It to the Limit
    Chapter 17. Custom Filters
    Arbitrary Frequency Response
    Deconvolution
    Optimal Filters
    Chapter 18. FFT Convolution
    The Overlap-Add Method
    FFT Convolution
    Speed Improvements
    Chapter 19. Recursive Filters
    The Recursive Method
    Single Pole Recursive Filters
    Narrow-Band Filters
    Phase Response
    Using Integers
    Chapter 20. Chebyshev Filters
    The Chebyshev and Butterworth Responses
    Designing the Filter
    Step Response Overshoot
    Stability
    Chapter 21. Filter Comparison
    Match #1: Analog vs. Digital Filters
    Match #2: Windowed-Sinc vs. Chebyshev
    Match #3: Moving Average vs. Single Pole
    Chapter 22. Audio Processing
    Human Hearing
    Timbre
    Sound Quality vs. Data Rate
    High Fidelity Audio
    Companding
    Speech Synthesis and Recognition
    Nonlinear Audio Processing
    Chapter 23. Image Formation & Display
    Digital Image Structure
    Cameras and Eyes
    Television Video Signals
    Other Image Acquisition and Display
    Brightness and Contrast Adjustments
    Grayscale Transforms
    Warping
    Chapter 24. Linear Image Processing
    Convolution
    3x3 Edge Modification
    Convolution by Separability
    Example of A Large PSF: Illumination Flattening
    Fourier Image Analysis
    FFT Convolution
    A Closer Look at Image Convolution
    Chapter 25. Special Imaging Techniques
    Spatial Resolution
    Sample Spacing and Sampling Aperture
    Signal-to-Noise Ratio
    Morphological Image Processing
    Computed Tomography
    Chapter 26. Neural Networks (and More!)
    Target Detection
    Neural Network Architecture
    Why Does It Work?
    Training the Neural Network
    Evaluating the ResuIts
    Recursive Filter Design
    Chapter 27. Data Compression
    Data Compression Strategies
    Run-Length Encoding
    Huffman Encoding
    Delta Encoding
    LZW Compression
    JPEG (Transform Compression)
    MPEG
    Chapter 28. Digital Signal Processors
    How DSPs Are Different from Other Microprocessors
    Circular Buffering
    Architecture of the Digital Signal Processor
    Fixed versus Floating Point
    C versus Assembly
    How Fast Are DSPs?
    The Digital Signal Processor Market
    Chapter 29. Getting Started with DSPs
    The ADSP-2106x Family
    The SHARC EZ-KIT Lite
    Design Example: An FIR Audio Filter
    Analog Measurements on A DSP System
    Another Look at Fixed versus Floating Point
    Advanced Software Tools
    Chapter 30. Complex Numbers
    The Complex Number System
    Polar Notation
    Using Complex Numbers by Substitution
    Complex Representation of Sinusoids
    Complex Representation of Systems
    Electrical Circuit Analysis
    Chapter 31. The Complex Fourier Transform
    The Real DFT
    Mathematical Equivalence
    The Complex DFT
    The Family of Fourier Transforms
    Why the Complex Fourier Transform Is Used
    Chapter 32. The Laplace Transform
    The Nature of the s-Domain
    Strategy of the Laplace Transform
    Analysis of Electric Circuits
    The Importance of Poles and Zeros
    Filter Design in the s-Domain
    Chapter 33. The z-Transform
    The Nature of the z-Domain
    Analysis of Recursive Systems
    Cascade and Parallel Stages
    Spectral Inversion
    Gain Changes
    Chebyshev-Butterworth FiIter Design
    The Best and Worst of DSP
    Backmatter
    Glossary
    Index
    Back Cover
    Di~i~al C.' I I f ni A Practical Guide for Engineers and Scientists S t e u e n W. S m i t h i D c ! m u s t i f y i n j techno log^ 5 e I i e s y y . - n g , , . = e r a , I , n g i n e e r s Newnes
    Digital Signal Processing A Practical Guide for Engineers and Scientists
    Digital Signal Processing A Practical Guide for Engineers and Scientists by Steven K Smith Newnes An imprint of Elsevier Science Amsterdam San Diego Boston San F r a n c i s c o London New York Singapore Oxford Sydney Paris Tokyo
    Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier Science. Copyright Q 2003, Steven W. Smith. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. @ prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier Science Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN 0-75067444-X British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The publisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book. For information, please contact: Manager of Special Sales Elsevier Science 200 Wheeler Road Burlington, MA 01803 Tel: 781-313-4700 Fax: 78 1-3 13-4882 For information on all Newnes publications available, contact our World Wide Web home page at: http://www.newnespress.com 109 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 F’rinted in the United States of America
    Contents at a Glance FOUNDATIONS Chapter 1 . Chapter 2 . Chapter 3 . Chapter 4 . The Breadth and Depth of DSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Statistics. Probability and Noise .................. 11 ADC and DAC ................................ 35 DSP Software ................................. 67 FUNDAMENTALS Chapter 5 . Linear Systems ................................ 87 Chapter 6 . Convolution .................................. 107 Chapter 7 . Properties of Convolution ....................... 123 Chapter 8 . The Discrete Fourier Transform .................. 141 Chapter 9 . Applications of the DFT ........................ 169 Chapter 10 . Fourier Transform Properties .................... 185 Chapter 11 . Fourier Transform Pairs ........................ 209 Chapter 12 . The Fast Fourier Transform ...................... 225 Chapter 13 . Continuous Signal Processing .................... 243 DIGITAL FILTERS Chapter 14 . Introduction to Digital Filters .................... Chapter 15 . Moving Average Filters ......................... Windowed-Sinc Filters ......................... Chapter 16. Chapter 17 . Custom Filters ................................ Chapter 18 . FFT Convolution .............................. Chapter 19 . Recursive Filters .............................. Chapter 20 . Chebyshev Filters ............................. Chapter 21 . Filter Comparison ............................. 261 277 285 297 311 319 333 343 A PPLICA TIONS Chapter 22 . Audio Processing .............................. 351 Chapter 23 . Image Formation and Display .................... 373 Chapter 24 . Linear Image Processing ........................ 397 Chapter 25 . Special Imaging Techniques ..................... 423 Chapter 26 . Neural Networks (and more!) .................... 451 Chapter 27 . Data Compression ............................. 481 Chapter 28 . Digital Signal Processors ....................... 503 Chapter 29 . Getting Started with DSPs ....................... 535 COMPLEX TECHNIQUES Chapter 30 . Complex Numbers ............................. 551 Chapter 3 1 . The Complex Fourier Transform .................. 567 Chapter 32 . The Laplace Transform ......................... 581 Chapter 33 . The z-Transform .............................. 605 Glossary ................................................. Index ................................................... 631 643 V
    Table of Contents FOUNDATIONS Chapter 1. The Breadth and Depth of DSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The Roots of DSP 1 Telecommunications 4 Audio Processing 5 Echo Location 7 Imaging Processing 9 Chapter 2. Statistics, Probability and Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Signal and Graph Terminology 11 Mean and Standard Deviation 13 Signal vs. Underlying Process 17 The Histogram, Pmf and Pdf 19 The Normal Distribution 26 Digital Noise Generation 29 Precision and Accuracy 32 Chapter 3. ADC and DAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Quantization 35 The Sampling Theorem 39 Digital-to-Analog Conversion 44 Analog Filters for Data Conversion 48 Selecting the Antialias Filter 55 Multirate Data Conversion 58 Single-bit Data Conversion 60 Chapter 4. DSP Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Computer Numbers 67 Fixed Point (Integers) 68 Floating Point (Real Numbers) 70 Number Precision 72 Execution Speed: Program Language 76 Execution Speed: Hardware 80 Execution Speed: Programming Tips 84 vi
    FUNDAMENTALS Chapter 5. Linear Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Signals and Systems 87 Requirements for Linearity 89 Static Linearity and Sinusoidal Fidelity 92 Examples of Linear and Nonlinear Systems 94 Special Properties of Linearity 96 Superposition: the Foundation of DSP 98 Common Decompositions 100 Alternatives to Linearity 104 Chapter 6. Convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 The Delta Function and Impulse Response 107 Convolution 108 The Input Side Algorithm 1 12 The Output Side Algorithm 116 The Sum of Weighted Inputs 122 Chapter 7. Properties of Convolution . . . . . . . . . . 123 Common Impulse Responses 123 Mathematical Properties 132 Correlation 136 Speed 140 Chapter 8. The Discrete Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 The Family of Fourier Transforms 141 Notation and Format of the real DFT 146 The Frequency Domain's Independent Variable 148 DFT Basis Functions 150 Synthesis, Calculating the Inverse DFT 152 Analysis, Calculating the DFT 156 Duality 161 Polar Notation 16 1 Polar Nuisances 164 Chapter 9. Applications of the DFT . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 169 Spectral Analysis of Signals 169 Frequency Response of Systems 177 Convolution via the Frequency Domain 180 Chapter 10. Fourier Transform Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Linearity of the Fourier Transform 185 Characteristics of the Phase 188 Periodic Nature of the DFT 194 Compression and Expansion, Multirate methods 200 vii
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