oracle概念手册中文版.pdf

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Oracle Concepts 中英文对照版 (10g R2) V 1.1 更新：2010-02-06 文档生成：mcseman@sina.com 原创发布于：ITPub Oracle 入门与认证论坛：http://www.itpub.net/forum-4-1.html 帖子位置：http://www.itpub.net/thread-1201724-1-1.html 本文内容摘自 http://www.zw1840.com/的主页，原来网上流传的的 PDF 由于字体不统一，不方便打印。因此重新排版整理。版权归相关组织和个人所有，仅用于学习。注意！本文档采用加密处理，请使用最新版本的Acrobat Reader（目前为9.3）打开。原文地址：http://www.zw1840.com/oracle/translation/concepts/index.htm 更新历史： 2009-08-09 2010-02-06 另外加上了生成文档的作者的联系方法。 V 1.0：首次发布版。 V 1.1：为方便打印，调整了一下字体大小和颜色(正文字体改为宋体 5 号,文字颜色改为黑色),为打印节省了约 100 页纸张。 1 / 900

Oracle Concepts 中文版 (10g R2) Part I What Is Oracle? Chapter 1, Introduction to the Oracle Database Part II Oracle Database Architecture Chapter 2, Data Blocks, Extents, and Segments Chapter 3, Tablespaces, Datafiles, and Control Files Chapter 4, Transaction Management Chapter 5, Schema Objects Chapter 6, Dependencies Among Schema Objects Chapter 7, The Data Dictionary Chapter 8, Memory Architecture Chapter 9, Process Architecture Chapter 10, Application Architecture Chapter 11, Oracle Utilities Chapter 12, Database and Instance Startup and Shutdown Part III Oracle Database Features Chapter 13, Data Concurrency and Consistency Chapter 14, Manageability Chapter 15, Backup and Recovery Chapter 16, Business Intelligence Chapter 17, High Availability Chapter 18, Partitioned Tables and Indexes Chapter 19, Content Management Chapter 20, Database Security Chapter 21, Data Integrity 2 / 900 第一部分何为 Oracle？第 1 章，Oracle 数据库简介第二部分 Oracle 数据库体系结构第 2 章，数据块，数据扩展，及数据段第 3 章，表空间，数据文件，及控制文件第 4 章，事务管理第 5 章，方案对象第 6 章，方案对象间的依赖关系第 7 章，数据字典第 8 章，内存体系结构第 9 章，进程体系结构第 10 章，应用体系结构第 11 章，Oracle 工具第 12 章，数据库及实例的启动与关闭第三部分 Oracle 数据库特性第 13 章，数据并发性与数据一致性第 14 章，可管理性第 15 章，备份与恢复第 16 章，业务智能第 17 章，高可用性第 18 章，分区表及分区索引第 19 章，内容管理第 20 章，数据库安全第 21 章，数据完整性

Chapter 22, Triggers Chapter 23, Information Integration Part IV Oracle Database Application Development Chapter 24, SQL, PL/SQL, and Java Chapter 25, Overview of Application Development Languages Chapter 26, Native Datatypes Chapter 27, Object Datatypes and Object Views 第 22 章，触发器第 23 章，信息整合第四部分 Oracle 数据库应用程序开发第 24 章，SQL，PL/SQL，及 Java 第 25 章，应用程序开发语言概述第 26 章，原生数据类型第 27 章，对象数据类型及对象视图 3 / 900

1 Introduction to the Oracle Database 1 This chapter provides an overview of the Oracle database server. The 本章对 Oracle 数据库服务器进行概括性的介绍。本章的主题有： topics include:    Oracle Database Architecture Oracle Database Features Oracle Database Application Development    Oracle 数据库体系结构 Oracle 数据库特性 Oracle 数据库应用开发 2 Oracle Database Architecture 1.1 Oracle 数据库体系结构 3 An Oracle database is a collection of data treated as a unit. The purpose of a database is to store and retrieve related information. A database server is the key to solving the problems of information management. In general, a server reliably manages a large amount of data in a multiuser environment so that many users can concurrently access the same data. All this is accomplished while delivering high performance. A database server also prevents unauthorized access and provides efficient solutions for failure recovery. 4 Oracle Database is the first database designed for enterprise grid computing, the most flexible and cost effective way to manage information and applications. Enterprise grid computing creates large pools of industry-standard, modular storage and servers. With this architecture, each new system can be rapidly provisioned from the pool of components. There is no need for peak workloads, because capacity can be easily added or reallocated from the resource pools as needed. An Oracle database is a collection of data treated as a unit. The purpose of a database is to store and retrieve related information. 数据库服务器是解决信息管理问题的核心组件。大体上说，数据库服务器的作用是可靠地管理多用户环境下的大规模数据，使多用户可以并发地访问相同的数据，同时实现系统的高性能。数据库服务器还要阻止未授权的操作，并提供高效的故障恢复解决方案。 Oracle 数据库是第一个为企业网格计算而设计的数据库，她为管理信息和应用提供了灵活、低成本、高效益的方式。企业网格计算把存储及服务能力转化为符合业界标准、模块化的资源池（resource pool）。在这种体系结构之下，新系统可以从组件化的资源池中组合资源而迅速构成。企业也无需建设尖锋负荷系统（peak workloads），因为计算能力可以在需要时轻松地从资源池中获得或重新分配。 5 The database has logical structures and physical structures. Because the physical and logical structures are separate, the physical storage of data 数据库具备逻辑结构和物理结构。因为物理和逻辑结构是分离的，所以数据物理存储的变动不会影响基于逻辑存储结构的应用程序。 4 / 900

can be managed without affecting the access to logical storage structures. 6 The section contains the following topics: 本节包含以下主题：          Overview of Oracle Grid Architecture Overview of Application Architecture Overview of Physical Database Structures Overview of Logical Database Structures Overview of Schemas and Common Schema Objects Overview of the Oracle Data Dictionary Overview of the Oracle Instance Overview of Accessing the Database Overview of Oracle Utilities Oracle 网格体系结构概述   应用体系结构概述  物理数据库结构概述  逻辑数据库结构概述  方案及常用的方案对象概述  Oracle 数据字典概述  Oracle 实例概述  数据库访问概述  Oracle 工具概述 7 Overview of Oracle Grid Architecture 1.1.1 Oracle 网格体系结构概述 8 Grid computing is a new IT architecture that produces more resilient and lower cost enterprise information systems. With grid computing, groups of independent, modular hardware and software components can be connected and rejoined on demand to meet the changing needs of businesses. 9 The grid style of computing aims to solve some common problems with enterprise IT: the problem of application silos that lead to under utilized, dedicated hardware resources, the problem of monolithic, unwieldy systems that are expensive to maintain and difficult to change, and the problem of fragmented and disintegrated information that cannot be fully exploited by the enterprise as a whole. 网格是新出现的 IT 体系结构，它可以提供更有弹性、成本更低的企业信息系统。在网格中，众多独立的、模块化的软硬件组件可以随时地被联接和重组，以满足业务及业务变化的需要。网格形式的计算系统是为了解决企业 IT 中的常见问题：由不同的应用系统独占硬件资源而导致的资源利用率低下；系统过于庞大而导致的难以改进、维护昂贵；信息过于分散而导致的企业信息难以作为整体充分利用。 10 Benefits of Grid Computing Compared to other models of computing, IT systems designed and implemented in the grid style deliver higher quality of service, lower cost, and greater flexibility. Higher quality of service results from having no single point of failure, a robust security 网格的优势和其他体系结构相比，基于网格设计、实施的 IT 系统能够提供更高质量的服务，更低的成本，更大的灵活性。更高质量的服务来源于网格不存在单点脆弱性（single point of failure），健壮的安全基础结构，和基于策略的集中化管理方式。更低成本来源于软硬件资源利用水平的提高和管理、维护成 5 / 900

infrastructure, and centralized, policy-driven management. Lower costs derive from increasing the utilization of resources and dramatically reducing management and maintenance costs. Rather than dedicating a stack of software and hardware to a specific task, all resources are pooled and allocated on demand, thus eliminating under utilized capacity and redundant capabilities. Grid computing also enables the use of smaller individual hardware components, thus reducing the cost of each individual component and providing more flexibility to devote resources in accordance with changing needs. 本的显著降低。在以往的体系结构中，一个完成特定任务的系统要独占一系列软硬件资源，而网格体系中所有资源被统一储备随需分配，这就消除了资源利用不足和资源冗余的现象。网格可以使用更小型的硬件组件，这降低了每个组件的成本并使用户可根据需求的变化更灵活地分配资源。 11 Grid Computing Defined 1.1.1.1 网格的定义 12 The grid style of computing treats collections of similar IT resources holistically as a single pool, while exploiting the distinct nature of individual resources within the pool. To address simultaneously the problems of monolithic systems and fragmented resources, grid computing achieves a balance between the benefits of holistic resource management and flexible independent resource control. IT resources managed in a grid include: 网格将相似的 IT 资源整体地看做一个池，同时充分发挥池中每一个个体的独特功能。网格实现了整体资源管理和独立资源控制的平衡，解决了庞大系统和分散资源的矛盾。在网格中管理的 IT 资源包括：  基础设施：组成数据存储、软件执行环境的硬件和软件。  应用：定义业务过程（business process）的程序逻辑（program logic）和流程（flow）。  信息：蕴含于各种数据中用于指导业务的数据的内在含义    Infrastructure: the hardware and software that create a data storage and program execution environment Applications: the program logic and flow that define specific business processes Information: the meanings inherent in all different types of data used to conduct business 13 Core Tenets of Grid Computing Two core tenets uniquely distinguish grid computing from other styles of computing, such as mainframe, client-server, or multi-tier: virtualization and provisioning.  With virtualization, individual resources (e.g. computers, disks, application components and information sources) are pooled together 网格的核心理念与大型机、C/S 结构、多层结构等以往的体系结构不同，网格有两个独特的核心理念：虚拟化和资源供给。  所谓虚拟化，就是将各类独立的资源（计算机，磁盘，应用组件，信息源等）视为一个池，经过抽象后提供给资源消费者（用户或软件程序）。虚拟化意味着打破了资源提供者和消费者之间的硬性联系（固化在程序代码中的 6 / 900

by type then made available to consumers (e.g. people or software programs) through an abstraction. Virtualization means breaking hard-coded connections between providers and consumers of resources, and preparing a resource to serve a particular need without the consumer caring how that is accomplished. With provisioning, when consumers request resources through a virtualization layer, behind the scenes a specific resource is identified to fulfill the request and then it is allocated to the consumer. Provisioning as part of grid computing means that the system determines how to meet the specific need of the consumer, while optimizing operation of the system as a whole.   14 The specific ways in which information, application or infrastructure resources are virtualized and provisioned are specific to the type of resource, but the concepts apply universally. Similarly, the specific benefits derived from grid computing are particular to each type of resource, but all share the characteristics of better quality, lower costs and increased flexibility. 15 Infrastructure Grid Infrastructure grid resources include hardware resources such as storage, processors, memory, and networks as well as software designed to manage this hardware, such as databases, storage management, system management, application servers, and operating systems. 16 Virtualization and provisioning of infrastructure resources mean pooling resources together and allocating to the appropriate consumers based on policies. For example, one policy might be to dedicate enough processing power to a web server that it can always provide sub-second response time. That rule could be fulfilled in different ways by the provisioning software in order to balance the requests of all consumers. （hard-coded）），在满足消费者对资源需求的同时无需消费者关心资源供给是如何实现的。  所谓资源供给，就是当消费者通过虚拟层请求资源时，网格在幕后找出满足需求的资源并分配给消费者。在网格中供给意味着系统负责决定如何满足消费者的特定需求，同时还要从整体上对系统运转进行优化。信息、应用、基础设施资源的虚拟化与资源供给的具体方法各不相同，但思路是相通的。类似的，通过网格供给各种资源给用户带来的的益处也各不相同，但都具备了高质量、低造价及灵活的特点。基础设施网格基础设施网格资源包括存储、处理器、内存、网络等硬件资源，及管理这些硬件的软件资源，如数据库、存储管理、应用服务器和操作系统。基础设施网格的虚拟化与资源供给意味着将所有资源视为池，并根据预定策略分配给适当的消费者。例如，针对 web 服务器的策略要提供足够的处理能力来保证响应时间。资源供给管理软件根据实际情况选择适当的方式实现预定策略，以满足所有消费者对资源的请求。 7 / 900

17 Treating infrastructure resources as a single pool and allocating those resources on demand saves money by eliminating under utilized capacity and redundant capabilities. Managing hardware and software resources holistically reduces the cost of labor and the opportunity for human error. 18 Spreading computing capacity among many different computers and spreading storage capacity across multiple disks and disk groups removes single points of failure so that if any individual component fails, the system as a whole remains available. Furthermore, grid computing affords the option to use smaller individual hardware components, such as blade servers and low cost storage, which enables incremental scaling and reduces the cost of each individual component, thereby giving companies more flexibility and lower cost. 19 Infrastructure is the dimension of grid computing that is most familiar and easy to understand, but the same concepts apply to applications and information. 20 Applications Grid Application resources in the grid are the encodings of business logic and process flow within application software. These may be packaged applications or custom applications, written in any programming language, reflecting any level of complexity. For example, the software that takes an order from a customer and sends an acknowledgement, the process that prints payroll checks, and the logic that routes a particular customer call to a particular agent are all application resources. 21 Historically, application logic has been intertwined with user interface code, data management code, and process or page flow and has lacked well-defined interfaces, which has resulted in monolithic applications that are difficult to change and difficult to integrate. 将基础设施资源视为一个池并随需分配，提高了资源的利用水平，减少了冗余资源，节约了软硬件购买资金。对软硬件资源整体的管理降低了人力成本及人为错误发生的机会。将计算能力分散于不同的计算机，将存储能力分散于多个磁盘和磁盘组，消除了系统的单点脆弱性，即保证系统中的个体组件发生故障时系统整体还能保持可用。此外，网格体系可以基于众多小型的硬件组件，例如刀片服务器和低成本存储器，这增加了系统的伸缩性、降低硬件组件的成本，使企业获取更低的成本及更大的灵活性。基础设施是网格体系中最为人熟知也最易理解的范畴，其实类似的概念也适用于应用和信息。应用网格网格中的应用资源是蕴含于应用软件中反映业务逻辑（business logic）和处理流程（process flow）的程序代码。这些应用软可以是套装的，也可以是定制的，可以以任何编程语言实现，表现任何层次的业务复杂度。举例来说，一个接受客户订单并发送反馈的程序，一个打印薪水册的工作流程，或一个将特定客户的服务请求传递给特定员工的逻辑，都属于应用资源。历史上，应用逻辑往往和用户界面代码、数据管理代码、流程控制代码、页面流转代码交织在一起，并且缺乏完善的接口，这导致的庞大的孤岛系统，难于修改，难于集成。 8 / 900

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