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HCM 2010.pdf
40827_fm
Front Matter
Transportation Research Board 2010 Executive Committee
The National Academies - Advisors to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
Foreword
Contributors and Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
Volume 1. Concepts
Volume 2. Uninterrupted Flow
Volume 3. Interrupted Flow
Volume 4. Applications Guide
40827_toc
40827_v01_01
40827_v01_02
40827_v01_03
40827_v01_04
40827_v01_05
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Volume 1. Concepts
1. HCM User's Guide
1.1 Introduction
1.2 HCM Purpose and Scope
1.2.1 Purpose and Objectives
1.2.2 Intended Use
1.2.3 Target Users
1.3 Structure
1.3.1 Overview
1.3.2 Volume 1: Concepts
1.3.3 Volume 2: Uninterrupted Flow
1.3.4 Volume 3: Interrupted Flow
1.3.5 Volume 4: Applications Guide
1.3.6 Computational Engines
1.3.7 Commercial Software
1.4 International Use
1.4.1 Applications
1.4.2 Metric Conversion Guide
1.5 What's New in the HCM 2010
1.5.1 Overview
1.5.1.1 Research Basis for the HCM 2010
1.5.1.2 Focus Groups
1.5.1.3 Reorganization from the HCM2000
1.5.1.4 Multimodal Approach
1.5.1.5 Traveler-Perception Models
1.5.1.6 Generalized Service Volume Tables
1.5.2 Methodological Changes by System Element
1.5.2.1 Freeway Facilities
1.5.2.2 Basic Freeway Segments
1.5.2.3 Freeway Weaving Segments
1.5.2.4 Ramps and Ramp Junctions
1.5.2.5 Multilane Highways
1.5.2.6 Two-Lane Highways
1.5.2.7 Urban Street Facilities
1.5.2.7 Urban Street Segments
1.5.2.8 Signalized Intersections
1.5.2.9 Unsignalized Intersections
1.5.2.9.1 Two-Way Stop-Controlled Intersections
1.5.2.9.2 All-Way Stop-Controlled Intersections
1.5.2.9.3 Roundabouts
1.5.2.10 Interchange Ramp Terminals
1.5.2.11 Off-Street Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities
1.6 Companion Documents
1.6.1 Highway Safety Manual
1.6.2 A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets
1.6.3 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
1.6.4 Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual
1.7 References
2. Applications
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Levels of Analysis
2.2.1 Overview
2.2.2 Operational Analysis
2.2.3 Design Analysis
2.2.4 Planning and Preliminary Engineering Analysis
2.2.5 Relationship between Analysis Levels and Objectives
2.3 Roadway System Elements
2.3.1 Types of Roadway System Elements
2.3.1.1 Points
2.3.1.2 Segments
2.3.1.3 Facilities
2.3.1.4 Corridors
2.3.1.5 Areas
2.3.1.6 Systems
2.3.2 Analysis of Individual System Elements it is Included to Facilitate
2.3.3 Assessment of Multiple Facilities
2.3.4 System Performance Measurement
2.3.4.1 Quantity of Service
2.3.4.2 Intensity of Congestion
2.3.4.3 Duration of Congestion
2.3.4.4 Extent of Congestion
2.3.4.5 Variability
2.3.4.6 Accessibility
2.4 Travel Modes
2.4.1 Automobile
2.4.2 Pedestrian
2.4.3 Bicycle
2.4.4 Transit
2.5 Operating Conditions
2.5.1 Uninterrupted Flow
2.5.2 Interrupted Flow
2.5.3 Undersaturated Flow
2.5.4 Oversaturated Flow
2.5.5 Queue Discharge Flow
2.6 HCM Analysis as Part of a Broader Process
2.6.1 Noise Analysis
2.6.2 Air Quality Analysis
2.6.3 Economic Analysis
2.6.4 Multimodal Planning Analysis
2.6.5 System Performance Measurement
2.6.6 Summary
2.7 References
3. Modal Characteristics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Automobile Mode
3.2.1 Vehicle and Human Factors
3.2.1.1 Motor Vehicle Characteristics
3.2.1.2 Driver Characteristics
3.2.2 Variations in Demand
3.2.2.1 Seasonal and Monthly Variations
3.2.2.2 Daily Variations
3.2.2.3 Hourly Variations
3.2.2.4 Peak Hour and Analysis Hour
3.2.2.5 Spatial Distributions
3.2.2.5.1 D-Factor
3.2.3 Travel Time Variability
3.2.4 Automobile Facility Types
3.2.4.1 Uninterrupted Flow
3.2.4.2 Interrupted Flow
3.2.5 Measured and Observed Volumes and Flow Rates
3.2.5.1 Freeways
3.2.5.2 Multilane Highways
3.2.5.3 Rural Two-Way, Two-Lane Highways
3.2.5.4 Urban Streets
3.2.6 Interactions with other Modes
3.2.6.1 Pedestrians
3.2.6.2 Bicycles
3.2.6.3 Transit
3.3 Pedestrian Mode
3.3.1 Overview
3.3.2 Human Factors
3.3.3 Variations in Demand
3.3.4 Pedestrian Facility Types
3.3.4.1 Sidewalks, Walkways, and Pedestrian Zones
3.3.4.2 Queuing Areas
3.3.4.3 Pedestrian Crosswalks
3.3.4.4 Stairways
3.3.4.5 Overpasses and Underpasses
3.3.4.6 Shared Pedestrian-Bicycle Paths
3.3.5 Interactions with other Modes
3.3.5.1 Automobiles
3.3.5.2 Bicycles
3.3.5.3 Transit
3.4 Bicycle Mode
3.4.1 Overview
3.4.2 Human Factors
3.4.3 Variations in Demand
3.4.4 Bicycle Facility Types
3.4.4.1 On-Street Bicycle Facilities
3.4.4.2 Off-Street Bicycle Facilities
3.4.5 Measured and Observed Volumes
3.4.6 Interactions with other Modes
3.4.6.1 Automobiles
3.4.6.2 Pedestrians
3.4.6.3 Transit
3.5 Transit Mode
3.5.1 Overview
3.5.2 Human Factors
3.5.3 On-Street Transit Characteristics
3.5.3.1 Bus
3.5.3.2 Streetcar
3.5.3.3 Light Rail
3.5.4 Travel Time Variability
3.5.5 On-Street Transit Facility Types
3.5.5.1 Mixed Traffic
3.5.5.2 Exclusive Lanes
3.5.5.3 On-Street Transitways
3.5.6 Measured and Observed Volumes
3.5.7 Interactions with other Modes
3.5.7.1 Automobiles
3.5.7.2 Pedestrians
3.5.7.3 Bicycles
3.6 References
4. Traffic Flow and Capacity Concepts
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Automobile Mode
4.2.1 Basic Automobile Flow Parameters
4.2.1.1 Volume and Flow Rate
4.2.1.2 Subhourly Variations in Flow
4.2.1.3 Speed
4.2.1.4 Density
4.2.1.5 Headway and Spacing
4.2.1.6 Relationships among Basic Parameters
4.2.2 Additional Uninterrupted-Flow Parameters
4.2.3 Additional Interrupted-Flow Parameters
4.2.3.1 Signalized Intersection Flow
4.2.3.2 Stop- and Yield-Controlled Intersection Flow
4.2.3.3 Delay
4.2.3.4 Number of Stops
4.2.3.5 Queuing
4.2.4 Capacity Concepts
4.2.4.1 Definition of Capacity
4.2.4.2 Base Conditions
4.2.4.3 Roadway Conditions
4.2.4.4 Traffic Conditions
4.2.4.4.1 Vehicle Type
4.2.4.4.2 Directional and Lane Distribution
4.2.4.4.3 Driver Population
4.2.4.5 Control Conditions
4.2.4.6 Technology
4.2.5 Estimation of Traffic Flow Parameters
4.3 Pedestrian Mode
4.3.1 Pedestrian Characteristics
4.3.1.1 Pedestrian Space Requirements
4.3.1.2 Walking Speed
4.3.1.3 Pedestrian Start-up Time
4.3.2 Pedestrian Flow Parameters
4.3.2.1 Speed, Flow, and Density Relationships
4.3.2.1.1 Speed-Density Relationships
4.3.2.1.2 Flow-Density Relationships
4.3.2.1.3 Speed-Flow Relationships
4.3.2.1.4 Speed-Space Relationships
4.3.2.1.5 Flow on Urban Sidewalks and Walkways
4.3.2.1.6 Pedestrian Type and Trip Purpose
4.3.2.1.7 Influences of Pedestrians on Each other
4.3.2.2 Pedestrian Facility Characteristics
4.3.2.2.1 Untitled
4.3.2.2.2 Pedestrian Platoons
4.3.3 Capacity Concepts
4.3.3.1 Pedestrian Circulation Facilities
4.3.3.2 Pedestrian Queuing Facilities
4.4 Bicycle Mode
4.4.1 Bicycle Flow Parameters
4.4.2 Capacity Concepts
4.4.3 Delay
4.5 Transit Mode
4.5.1 Bus Speed Parameters
4.5.1.1 Operations Characteristics
4.5.1.1.1 Stop Spacing
4.5.1.1.2 Fare Payment
4.5.1.1.3 Service Planning and Scheduling
4.5.1.2 Vehicle Characteristics
4.5.1.3 Roadway Characteristics
4.5.1.3.1 Transit Preferential Treatments
4.5.1.3.2 Bus Stop Location
4.5.1.4 Passenger Characteristics
4.5.1.4.1 Passenger Distribution
4.5.1.4.2 Strollers, Wheelchairs, and Bicycles
4.5.2 Capacity Concepts
4.5.2.1 Differences between Transit and Automobile Capacity
4.5.2.2 Vehicle Capacity
4.5.2.2.1 Loading Area Capacity
4.5.2.2.2 Bus Stop Capacity
4.5.2.2.3 Bus Facility Capacity
4.5.2.3 Person Capacity
4.6 References
5. Quality and Level-of-Service Concepts
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Quality of Service
5.3 Level of Service
5.3.1 Definition
5.3.2 Usage
5.3.2.1 Step Function Nature of LOS
5.3.2.2 Variability of the Inputs to LOS
5.3.2.3 Beyond LOS F
5.3.2.4 Separate LOS Reporting by Mode and System Element
5.3.2.5 LOS as Part of a Bigger Picture
5.4 Service Measures
5.4.1 Definition and Characteristics
5.4.2 Service Measure Selection
5.4.3 Determination of LOS F
5.4.4 Service Measures for Specific System Elements
5.4.4.1 Cross-Cutting Issues
5.4.4.1.1 Automobile Mode
5.4.4.1.2 Pedestrian and Bicycle Modes
5.4.4.1.3 Transit Mode
5.4.4.2 Freeways and Multilane Highways
5.4.4.2.1 Automobile Mode
5.4.4.2.2 Bicycle Mode
5.4.4.3 Two-Lane-Highway Measures
5.4.4.3.1 Automobile Mode
5.4.4.3.2 Bicycle Mode
5.4.4.4 Urban Street Facility and Segment Measures
5.4.4.4.1 Automobile Mode
5.4.4.4.2 Pedestrian Mode
5.4.4.4.3 Bicycle Mode
5.4.4.4.4 Transit Mode
5.4.4.5 Urban Street Intersections
5.4.4.5.1 Automobile Mode
5.4.4.5.2 Pedestrian, Bicycle, and Transit Modes
5.4.4.5.3 Signalized Intersections
5.4.4.5.4 Two-Way Stop-Controlled Intersections
5.4.4.6 Off-Street Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities
5.4.4.6.1 Pedestrian Mode
5.4.4.6.2 Bicycle Mode
5.5 References
6. HCM and Alternative Analysis Tools
6.1 Introduction
6.2 HCM-Based Tools
6.2.1 Generalized Service Volume Tables
6.2.2 Application of Default Values to HCM Methodologies
6.2.3 Operations-Level HCM Analysis
6.3 Alternative Tools
6.3.1 Overview
6.3.2 Traffic Modeling Concepts and Terminology
6.3.2.1 Hierarchy of Modeling Terminology
6.3.2.2 Additional Modeling Definitions
6.3.2.3 Traffic Analysis Tool and Model Categories
6.3.2.4 Stochastic and Deterministic Models
6.3.2.5 Static Flow and Time-Varying Flow Models
6.3.2.6 Descriptive and Normative Models
6.3.3 Conceptual Differences between Deterministic and Simulation Tools
6.3.4 Appropriate Use of Alternative Tools
6.3.5 Application Framework for Alternative Tools
6.3.5.1 Freeways
6.3.5.2 Urban Streets
6.3.5.3 Two-Lane and Multilane Highways
6.3.5.4 Corridor and Areawide Analysis
6.3.6 Performance Measures from Alternative Tools
6.3.7 Traffic Analysis Tool Selection Criteria
6.3.7.1 Determining Project Scope
6.3.7.2 Assessing HCM Methodologies
6.3.7.3 Selecting a Traffic Analysis Tool
6.3.7.3.1 Model Development Environment and Process
6.3.7.3.2 Model Capabilities
6.3.7.3.3 Data Availability
6.3.7.3.4 Data for Model Input
6.3.7.3.5 Data for Model Calibration
6.3.7.3.6 Data Sources
6.3.7.3.7 Ease of Use
6.3.7.3.8 Required Resources
6.3.7.3.9 User Applications and Past Performance
6.3.7.3.10 Verification and Validation
6.3.8 Application Guidelines for Simulation Tools
6.3.8.1 Assembling Data
6.3.8.2 Entering Data
6.3.8.3 Calibrating and Validating Models
6.3.8.4 Special Considerations for DTA
6.3.8.5 Analyzing Output
6.3.8.6 Analyzing Alternatives
6.4 References
Appendix A: Developing Local Default Values
Appendix B: Developing Local Service Volume Tables
7. Interpreting HCM and Alternative Tool Results
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Uncertainty and Variability
7.2.1 Uncertainty and Variability Concepts
7.2.2 Sources of Uncertainty
7.2.2.1 Input Variables
7.2.2.2 Model Accuracy
7.2.2.2.1 Model Development
7.2.2.2.2 Nested Algorithms
7.2.2.2.3 Traveler Perception
7.2.2.2.4 Additional Documentation
7.2.2.3 Model Specification
7.2.3 Sensitivity Analysis
7.2.4 Accuracy and Precision
7.2.4.1 Overview
7.2.4.2 Calculation Precision versus Display Precision
7.2.4.3 Implied Precision of Results
7.2.5 Average Values
7.3 Defining and Computing Uniform Performance Measures
7.3.1 Performance Measures Reported by HCM Procedures
7.3.1.1 Speed-Related Measures
7.3.1.2 Queue-Related Measures
7.3.1.3 Stop-Related Measures among Tools
7.3.1.4 Delay-Related Measures
7.3.1.5 Density-Related Measures
7.3.2 Use of Vehicle Trajectory Analysis in Comparing Performance Measures
7.3.2.1 Mathematical Properties of Vehicle Trajectory
7.3.2.2 Longitudinal and Spatial Analysis
7.3.2.3 Limitations of Vehicle Trajectory Analysis
7.3.2.3.1 Traffic Modeling Differences
7.3.2.3.2 Approximations in Trajectory Analysis
7.3.2.3.3 Differences That are Unrelated to Trajectory Analysis
7.3.2.4 Examples of Vehicle Trajectory Data
7.3.3 Requirements for Computing Performance Measures by Vehicle Trajectory Analysis
7.3.3.1 General Trajectory Analysis Guidelines
7.3.3.2 Speed- and Travel Time-Related Measures
7.3.3.3 Queue-Related Measures
7.3.3.3.1 Queued State
7.3.3.3.2 Queue Length
7.3.3.4 Stop-Related Measures
7.3.3.4.1 Definition of the Stopped State
7.3.3.4.2 Estimating the Number of Stops
7.3.3.5 Delay-Related Measures
7.3.3.5.1 Delay Definitions
7.3.3.5.2 Aggregated Delay versus Unit Delay
7.3.3.5.3 Representation of Delay by Vehicle Trajectories
7.3.3.5.4 Computational Procedures for Delay-Related Measures
7.3.3.5.5 Special Delay Estimation Issues
7.3.3.6 Density-Related Measures
7.3.3.6.1 Computational Procedures
7.3.3.6.2 Follower Density
7.3.4 Stochastic Aspects of Simulation Analysis
7.3.4.1 Number of Required Repetitions
7.3.4.2 Expected Variation between Runs
7.3.5 Comparing HCM Analysis Results with Alternative Tools
7.3.5.1 Conceptual Differences between Modeling Approaches
7.3.5.2 Framework for Comparison of Performance Measures
7.3.5.3 LOS Comparisons
7.3.5.4 Estimation of Capacity by Simulation
7.3.5.5 Temporal and Spatial Boundaries
7.3.5.5.1 Complete versus Incomplete Trips
7.3.5.5.2 Delay on Oversaturated Signalized Approaches
7.3.5.5.3 Delay for Multiperiod Oversaturation
7.4 Presentation of Results
7.4.1 Guidance on the Display of HCM Results
7.4.1.1 Input Values
7.4.1.2 Adjustment Factors
7.4.1.3 Service Volume Tables
7.4.1.4 Free-Flow Speed
7.4.1.5 Speeds
7.4.1.6 Volume-to-Capacity and Demand-to-Capacity Ratios
7.4.1.7 Delay
7.4.1.8 Density
7.4.1.9 Pedestrian Space
7.4.1.10 Occurrences and Events
7.4.1.11 General Factors
7.4.2 Presenting Results to Facilitate Interpretation
7.4.3 Graphic Representation of Results
7.5 References
8. HCM Primer
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Highway Capacity Concepts
8.2.1 Definition of Capacity
8.2.2 Uninterrupted-Flow Roadways
8.2.2.1 Characteristics
8.2.2.2 HCM Methodologies
8.2.2.3 Performance Measures
8.2.3 Interrupted-Flow Roadways
8.2.3.1 Characteristics
8.2.3.2 HCM Methodologies
8.2.3.3 Performance Measures
8.2.4 Modal Interactions
8.3 Quality and Level-of-Service Concepts
8.3.1 Overview
8.3.2 Quality of Service
8.3.3 Level of Service
8.3.3.1 Step Function Nature of LOS
8.3.3.2 Uncertainty and False Precision
8.3.3.3 LOS Reported Separately by Mode
8.3.3.4 Reporting the Big Picture
8.3.4 Service Measures
8.4 Analysis Process
8.4.1 Levels of HCM Analysis
8.4.1.1 Operational Analysis
8.4.1.2 Planning and Preliminary Engineering Analysis
8.4.1.3 Generalized Service-Volume Tables
8.4.1.4 Design Analysis
8.4.2 Analysis Tool Selection
8.4.2.1 Types of Tools
8.4.2.2 Situations When Alternative Tools Might Be Considered
8.4.3 Interpreting Results
8.4.3.1 Uncertainty and Variability
8.4.3.2 Accuracy and Precision
8.4.3.3 Comparing HCM Results with Alternative Tools
8.4.3.3.1 Use of Vehicle Trajectory Analysis in Determining Performance Measures
8.4.3.3.2 Temporal and Spatial Boundaries
8.4.4 Presenting Results
8.5 Decision-Making Considerations
8.5.1 Role of HCM Companion Documents
8.5.1.1 Highway Safety Manual
8.5.1.2 A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets
8.5.1.3 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
8.5.1.4 Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual
8.5.2 Tools versus Standards
8.5.2.1 Evolution of HCM Analysis Procedures
8.5.2.2 Incorporating HCM Analysis Results into Decision Making
8.5.2.2.1 Traffic Signal Warrants
8.5.2.2.2 Turn-Lane Warrants
8.6 References
9. Glossary and Symbols
9.1 Glossary
9.2 List of Symbols
Volume 1 Index
Volume 2. Uninterrupted Flow
Volume 3. Interrupted Flow
Volume 4. Applications Guide
40827_v01_06
40827_v01_07
Front Matter
Table of Contents
Volume 1. Concepts
1. HCM User's Guide
1.1 Introduction
1.2 HCM Purpose and Scope
1.2.1 Purpose and Objectives
1.2.2 Intended Use
1.2.3 Target Users
1.3 Structure
1.3.1 Overview
1.3.2 Volume 1: Concepts
1.3.3 Volume 2: Uninterrupted Flow
1.3.4 Volume 3: Interrupted Flow
1.3.5 Volume 4: Applications Guide
1.3.6 Computational Engines
1.3.7 Commercial Software
1.4 International Use
1.4.1 Applications
1.4.2 Metric Conversion Guide
1.5 What's New in the HCM 2010
1.5.1 Overview
1.5.1.1 Research Basis for the HCM 2010
1.5.1.2 Focus Groups
1.5.1.3 Reorganization from the HCM2000
1.5.1.4 Multimodal Approach
1.5.1.5 Traveler-Perception Models
1.5.1.6 Generalized Service Volume Tables
1.5.2 Methodological Changes by System Element
1.5.2.1 Freeway Facilities
1.5.2.2 Basic Freeway Segments
1.5.2.3 Freeway Weaving Segments
1.5.2.4 Ramps and Ramp Junctions
1.5.2.5 Multilane Highways
1.5.2.6 Two-Lane Highways
1.5.2.7 Urban Street Facilities
1.5.2.7 Urban Street Segments
1.5.2.8 Signalized Intersections
1.5.2.9 Unsignalized Intersections
1.5.2.9.1 Two-Way Stop-Controlled Intersections
1.5.2.9.2 All-Way Stop-Controlled Intersections
1.5.2.9.3 Roundabouts
1.5.2.10 Interchange Ramp Terminals
1.5.2.11 Off-Street Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities
1.6 Companion Documents
1.6.1 Highway Safety Manual
1.6.2 A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets
1.6.3 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
1.6.4 Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual
1.7 References
2. Applications
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Levels of Analysis
2.2.1 Overview
2.2.2 Operational Analysis
2.2.3 Design Analysis
2.2.4 Planning and Preliminary Engineering Analysis
2.2.5 Relationship between Analysis Levels and Objectives
2.3 Roadway System Elements
2.3.1 Types of Roadway System Elements
2.3.1.1 Points
2.3.1.2 Segments
2.3.1.3 Facilities
2.3.1.4 Corridors
2.3.1.5 Areas
2.3.1.6 Systems
2.3.2 Analysis of Individual System Elements it is Included to Facilitate
2.3.3 Assessment of Multiple Facilities
2.3.4 System Performance Measurement
2.3.4.1 Quantity of Service
2.3.4.2 Intensity of Congestion
2.3.4.3 Duration of Congestion
2.3.4.4 Extent of Congestion
2.3.4.5 Variability
2.3.4.6 Accessibility
2.4 Travel Modes
2.4.1 Automobile
2.4.2 Pedestrian
2.4.3 Bicycle
2.4.4 Transit
2.5 Operating Conditions
2.5.1 Uninterrupted Flow
2.5.2 Interrupted Flow
2.5.3 Undersaturated Flow
2.5.4 Oversaturated Flow
2.5.5 Queue Discharge Flow
2.6 HCM Analysis as Part of a Broader Process
2.6.1 Noise Analysis
2.6.2 Air Quality Analysis
2.6.3 Economic Analysis
2.6.4 Multimodal Planning Analysis
2.6.5 System Performance Measurement
2.6.6 Summary
2.7 References
3. Modal Characteristics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Automobile Mode
3.2.1 Vehicle and Human Factors
3.2.1.1 Motor Vehicle Characteristics
3.2.1.2 Driver Characteristics
3.2.2 Variations in Demand
3.2.2.1 Seasonal and Monthly Variations
3.2.2.2 Daily Variations
3.2.2.3 Hourly Variations
3.2.2.4 Peak Hour and Analysis Hour
3.2.2.5 Spatial Distributions
3.2.2.5.1 D-Factor
3.2.3 Travel Time Variability
3.2.4 Automobile Facility Types
3.2.4.1 Uninterrupted Flow
3.2.4.2 Interrupted Flow
3.2.5 Measured and Observed Volumes and Flow Rates
3.2.5.1 Freeways
3.2.5.2 Multilane Highways
3.2.5.3 Rural Two-Way, Two-Lane Highways
3.2.5.4 Urban Streets
3.2.6 Interactions with other Modes
3.2.6.1 Pedestrians
3.2.6.2 Bicycles
3.2.6.3 Transit
3.3 Pedestrian Mode
3.3.1 Overview
3.3.2 Human Factors
3.3.3 Variations in Demand
3.3.4 Pedestrian Facility Types
3.3.4.1 Sidewalks, Walkways, and Pedestrian Zones
3.3.4.2 Queuing Areas
3.3.4.3 Pedestrian Crosswalks
3.3.4.4 Stairways
3.3.4.5 Overpasses and Underpasses
3.3.4.6 Shared Pedestrian-Bicycle Paths
3.3.5 Interactions with other Modes
3.3.5.1 Automobiles
3.3.5.2 Bicycles
3.3.5.3 Transit
3.4 Bicycle Mode
3.4.1 Overview
3.4.2 Human Factors
3.4.3 Variations in Demand
3.4.4 Bicycle Facility Types
3.4.4.1 On-Street Bicycle Facilities
3.4.4.2 Off-Street Bicycle Facilities
3.4.5 Measured and Observed Volumes
3.4.6 Interactions with other Modes
3.4.6.1 Automobiles
3.4.6.2 Pedestrians
3.4.6.3 Transit
3.5 Transit Mode
3.5.1 Overview
3.5.2 Human Factors
3.5.3 On-Street Transit Characteristics
3.5.3.1 Bus
3.5.3.2 Streetcar
3.5.3.3 Light Rail
3.5.4 Travel Time Variability
3.5.5 On-Street Transit Facility Types
3.5.5.1 Mixed Traffic
3.5.5.2 Exclusive Lanes
3.5.5.3 On-Street Transitways
3.5.6 Measured and Observed Volumes
3.5.7 Interactions with other Modes
3.5.7.1 Automobiles
3.5.7.2 Pedestrians
3.5.7.3 Bicycles
3.6 References
4. Traffic Flow and Capacity Concepts
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Automobile Mode
4.2.1 Basic Automobile Flow Parameters
4.2.1.1 Volume and Flow Rate
4.2.1.2 Subhourly Variations in Flow
4.2.1.3 Speed
4.2.1.4 Density
4.2.1.5 Headway and Spacing
4.2.1.6 Relationships among Basic Parameters
4.2.2 Additional Uninterrupted-Flow Parameters
4.2.3 Additional Interrupted-Flow Parameters
4.2.3.1 Signalized Intersection Flow
4.2.3.2 Stop- and Yield-Controlled Intersection Flow
4.2.3.3 Delay
4.2.3.4 Number of Stops
4.2.3.5 Queuing
4.2.4 Capacity Concepts
4.2.4.1 Definition of Capacity
4.2.4.2 Base Conditions
4.2.4.3 Roadway Conditions
4.2.4.4 Traffic Conditions
4.2.4.4.1 Vehicle Type
4.2.4.4.2 Directional and Lane Distribution
4.2.4.4.3 Driver Population
4.2.4.5 Control Conditions
4.2.4.6 Technology
4.2.5 Estimation of Traffic Flow Parameters
4.3 Pedestrian Mode
4.3.1 Pedestrian Characteristics
4.3.1.1 Pedestrian Space Requirements
4.3.1.2 Walking Speed
4.3.1.3 Pedestrian Start-up Time
4.3.2 Pedestrian Flow Parameters
4.3.2.1 Speed, Flow, and Density Relationships
4.3.2.1.1 Speed-Density Relationships
4.3.2.1.2 Flow-Density Relationships
4.3.2.1.3 Speed-Flow Relationships
4.3.2.1.4 Speed-Space Relationships
4.3.2.1.5 Flow on Urban Sidewalks and Walkways
4.3.2.1.6 Pedestrian Type and Trip Purpose
4.3.2.1.7 Influences of Pedestrians on Each other
4.3.2.2 Pedestrian Facility Characteristics
4.3.2.2.1 Untitled
4.3.2.2.2 Pedestrian Platoons
4.3.3 Capacity Concepts
4.3.3.1 Pedestrian Circulation Facilities
4.3.3.2 Pedestrian Queuing Facilities
4.4 Bicycle Mode
4.4.1 Bicycle Flow Parameters
4.4.2 Capacity Concepts
4.4.3 Delay
4.5 Transit Mode
4.5.1 Bus Speed Parameters
4.5.1.1 Operations Characteristics
4.5.1.1.1 Stop Spacing
4.5.1.1.2 Fare Payment
4.5.1.1.3 Service Planning and Scheduling
4.5.1.2 Vehicle Characteristics
4.5.1.3 Roadway Characteristics
4.5.1.3.1 Transit Preferential Treatments
4.5.1.3.2 Bus Stop Location
4.5.1.4 Passenger Characteristics
4.5.1.4.1 Passenger Distribution
4.5.1.4.2 Strollers, Wheelchairs, and Bicycles
4.5.2 Capacity Concepts
4.5.2.1 Differences between Transit and Automobile Capacity
4.5.2.2 Vehicle Capacity
4.5.2.2.1 Loading Area Capacity
4.5.2.2.2 Bus Stop Capacity
4.5.2.2.3 Bus Facility Capacity
4.5.2.3 Person Capacity
4.6 References
5. Quality and Level-of-Service Concepts
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Quality of Service
5.3 Level of Service
5.3.1 Definition
5.3.2 Usage
5.3.2.1 Step Function Nature of LOS
5.3.2.2 Variability of the Inputs to LOS
5.3.2.3 Beyond LOS F
5.3.2.4 Separate LOS Reporting by Mode and System Element
5.3.2.5 LOS as Part of a Bigger Picture
5.4 Service Measures
5.4.1 Definition and Characteristics
5.4.2 Service Measure Selection
5.4.3 Determination of LOS F
5.4.4 Service Measures for Specific System Elements
5.4.4.1 Cross-Cutting Issues
5.4.4.1.1 Automobile Mode
5.4.4.1.2 Pedestrian and Bicycle Modes
5.4.4.1.3 Transit Mode
5.4.4.2 Freeways and Multilane Highways
5.4.4.2.1 Automobile Mode
5.4.4.2.2 Bicycle Mode
5.4.4.3 Two-Lane-Highway Measures
5.4.4.3.1 Automobile Mode
5.4.4.3.2 Bicycle Mode
5.4.4.4 Urban Street Facility and Segment Measures
5.4.4.4.1 Automobile Mode
5.4.4.4.2 Pedestrian Mode
5.4.4.4.3 Bicycle Mode
5.4.4.4.4 Transit Mode
5.4.4.5 Urban Street Intersections
5.4.4.5.1 Automobile Mode
5.4.4.5.2 Pedestrian, Bicycle, and Transit Modes
5.4.4.5.3 Signalized Intersections
5.4.4.5.4 Two-Way Stop-Controlled Intersections
5.4.4.6 Off-Street Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities
5.4.4.6.1 Pedestrian Mode
5.4.4.6.2 Bicycle Mode
5.5 References
6. HCM and Alternative Analysis Tools
6.1 Introduction
6.2 HCM-Based Tools
6.2.1 Generalized Service Volume Tables
6.2.2 Application of Default Values to HCM Methodologies
6.2.3 Operations-Level HCM Analysis
6.3 Alternative Tools
6.3.1 Overview
6.3.2 Traffic Modeling Concepts and Terminology
6.3.2.1 Hierarchy of Modeling Terminology
6.3.2.2 Additional Modeling Definitions
6.3.2.3 Traffic Analysis Tool and Model Categories
6.3.2.4 Stochastic and Deterministic Models
6.3.2.5 Static Flow and Time-Varying Flow Models
6.3.2.6 Descriptive and Normative Models
6.3.3 Conceptual Differences between Deterministic and Simulation Tools
6.3.4 Appropriate Use of Alternative Tools
6.3.5 Application Framework for Alternative Tools
6.3.5.1 Freeways
6.3.5.2 Urban Streets
6.3.5.3 Two-Lane and Multilane Highways
6.3.5.4 Corridor and Areawide Analysis
6.3.6 Performance Measures from Alternative Tools
6.3.7 Traffic Analysis Tool Selection Criteria
6.3.7.1 Determining Project Scope
6.3.7.2 Assessing HCM Methodologies
6.3.7.3 Selecting a Traffic Analysis Tool
6.3.7.3.1 Model Development Environment and Process
6.3.7.3.2 Model Capabilities
6.3.7.3.3 Data Availability
6.3.7.3.4 Data for Model Input
6.3.7.3.5 Data for Model Calibration
6.3.7.3.6 Data Sources
6.3.7.3.7 Ease of Use
6.3.7.3.8 Required Resources
6.3.7.3.9 User Applications and Past Performance
6.3.7.3.10 Verification and Validation
6.3.8 Application Guidelines for Simulation Tools
6.3.8.1 Assembling Data
6.3.8.2 Entering Data
6.3.8.3 Calibrating and Validating Models
6.3.8.4 Special Considerations for DTA
6.3.8.5 Analyzing Output
6.3.8.6 Analyzing Alternatives
6.4 References
Appendix A: Developing Local Default Values
Appendix B: Developing Local Service Volume Tables
7. Interpreting HCM and Alternative Tool Results
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Uncertainty and Variability
7.2.1 Uncertainty and Variability Concepts
7.2.2 Sources of Uncertainty
7.2.2.1 Input Variables
7.2.2.2 Model Accuracy
7.2.2.2.1 Model Development
7.2.2.2.2 Nested Algorithms
7.2.2.2.3 Traveler Perception
7.2.2.2.4 Additional Documentation
7.2.2.3 Model Specification
7.2.3 Sensitivity Analysis
7.2.4 Accuracy and Precision
7.2.4.1 Overview
7.2.4.2 Calculation Precision versus Display Precision
7.2.4.3 Implied Precision of Results
7.2.5 Average Values
7.3 Defining and Computing Uniform Performance Measures
7.3.1 Performance Measures Reported by HCM Procedures
7.3.1.1 Speed-Related Measures
7.3.1.2 Queue-Related Measures
7.3.1.3 Stop-Related Measures among Tools
7.3.1.4 Delay-Related Measures
7.3.1.5 Density-Related Measures
7.3.2 Use of Vehicle Trajectory Analysis in Comparing Performance Measures
7.3.2.1 Mathematical Properties of Vehicle Trajectory
7.3.2.2 Longitudinal and Spatial Analysis
7.3.2.3 Limitations of Vehicle Trajectory Analysis
7.3.2.3.1 Traffic Modeling Differences
7.3.2.3.2 Approximations in Trajectory Analysis
7.3.2.3.3 Differences That are Unrelated to Trajectory Analysis
7.3.2.4 Examples of Vehicle Trajectory Data
7.3.3 Requirements for Computing Performance Measures by Vehicle Trajectory Analysis
7.3.3.1 General Trajectory Analysis Guidelines
7.3.3.2 Speed- and Travel Time-Related Measures
7.3.3.3 Queue-Related Measures
7.3.3.3.1 Queued State
7.3.3.3.2 Queue Length
7.3.3.4 Stop-Related Measures
7.3.3.4.1 Definition of the Stopped State
7.3.3.4.2 Estimating the Number of Stops
7.3.3.5 Delay-Related Measures
7.3.3.5.1 Delay Definitions
7.3.3.5.2 Aggregated Delay versus Unit Delay
7.3.3.5.3 Representation of Delay by Vehicle Trajectories
7.3.3.5.4 Computational Procedures for Delay-Related Measures
7.3.3.5.5 Special Delay Estimation Issues
7.3.3.6 Density-Related Measures
7.3.3.6.1 Computational Procedures
7.3.3.6.2 Follower Density
7.3.4 Stochastic Aspects of Simulation Analysis
7.3.4.1 Number of Required Repetitions
7.3.4.2 Expected Variation between Runs
7.3.5 Comparing HCM Analysis Results with Alternative Tools
7.3.5.1 Conceptual Differences between Modeling Approaches
7.3.5.2 Framework for Comparison of Performance Measures
7.3.5.3 LOS Comparisons
7.3.5.4 Estimation of Capacity by Simulation
7.3.5.5 Temporal and Spatial Boundaries
7.3.5.5.1 Complete versus Incomplete Trips
7.3.5.5.2 Delay on Oversaturated Signalized Approaches
7.3.5.5.3 Delay for Multiperiod Oversaturation
7.4 Presentation of Results
7.4.1 Guidance on the Display of HCM Results
7.4.1.1 Input Values
7.4.1.2 Adjustment Factors
7.4.1.3 Service Volume Tables
7.4.1.4 Free-Flow Speed
7.4.1.5 Speeds
7.4.1.6 Volume-to-Capacity and Demand-to-Capacity Ratios
7.4.1.7 Delay
7.4.1.8 Density
7.4.1.9 Pedestrian Space
7.4.1.10 Occurrences and Events
7.4.1.11 General Factors
7.4.2 Presenting Results to Facilitate Interpretation
7.4.3 Graphic Representation of Results
7.5 References
8. HCM Primer
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Highway Capacity Concepts
8.2.1 Definition of Capacity
8.2.2 Uninterrupted-Flow Roadways
8.2.2.1 Characteristics
8.2.2.2 HCM Methodologies
8.2.2.3 Performance Measures
8.2.3 Interrupted-Flow Roadways
8.2.3.1 Characteristics
8.2.3.2 HCM Methodologies
8.2.3.3 Performance Measures
8.2.4 Modal Interactions
8.3 Quality and Level-of-Service Concepts
8.3.1 Overview
8.3.2 Quality of Service
8.3.3 Level of Service
8.3.3.1 Step Function Nature of LOS
8.3.3.2 Uncertainty and False Precision
8.3.3.3 LOS Reported Separately by Mode
8.3.3.4 Reporting the Big Picture
8.3.4 Service Measures
8.4 Analysis Process
8.4.1 Levels of HCM Analysis
8.4.1.1 Operational Analysis
8.4.1.2 Planning and Preliminary Engineering Analysis
8.4.1.3 Generalized Service-Volume Tables
8.4.1.4 Design Analysis
8.4.2 Analysis Tool Selection
8.4.2.1 Types of Tools
8.4.2.2 Situations When Alternative Tools Might Be Considered
8.4.3 Interpreting Results
8.4.3.1 Uncertainty and Variability
8.4.3.2 Accuracy and Precision
8.4.3.3 Comparing HCM Results with Alternative Tools
8.4.3.3.1 Use of Vehicle Trajectory Analysis in Determining Performance Measures
8.4.3.3.2 Temporal and Spatial Boundaries
8.4.4 Presenting Results
8.5 Decision-Making Considerations
8.5.1 Role of HCM Companion Documents
8.5.1.1 Highway Safety Manual
8.5.1.2 A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets
8.5.1.3 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
8.5.1.4 Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual
8.5.2 Tools versus Standards
8.5.2.1 Evolution of HCM Analysis Procedures
8.5.2.2 Incorporating HCM Analysis Results into Decision Making
8.5.2.2.1 Traffic Signal Warrants
8.5.2.2.2 Turn-Lane Warrants
8.6 References
9. Glossary and Symbols
9.1 Glossary
9.2 List of Symbols
Volume 1 Index
Volume 2. Uninterrupted Flow
Volume 3. Interrupted Flow
Volume 4. Applications Guide
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HCM
2010
HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL
WASHINGTON, DC | WWW.TRB.ORG
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
2010 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
Chair: Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation,
North Central Texas Council of Governments,
Arlington
Vice Chair: Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland
State Highway Administration, Baltimore
Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation
Research Board
J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of
River City, Louisville, Kentucky
Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania Department of
Transportation, Harrisburg
Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi
Department of Transportation, Jackson
Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and
CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, Virginia
William A. V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography,
University of California, Los Angeles
Eugene A. Conti, Jr., Secretary of Transportation, North
Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh
Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, and Director,
Center for Transportation Studies, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville
Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan
Airports Commission, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Paula J. Hammond, Secretary, Washington State
Department of Transportation, Olympia
Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air
Policy, Washington, D.C.
Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering,
University of California, Berkeley (Past Chair, 2009)
Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada Department of
Transportation, Carson City
Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas Department of
Transportation, Topeka (Past Chair, 2008)
Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of
Arizona, Tucson
Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Regional General Manager,
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mandeville, Louisiana
Steven T. Scalzo, Chief Operating Officer, Marine
Resources Group, Seattle, Washington
Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/
Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri
Beverly A. Scott, General Manager and Chief Executive
Officer, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority,
Atlanta, Georgia
David Seltzer, Principal, Mercator Advisors LLC,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and
Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute
of Transportation Studies; and Interim Director,
Energy Efficiency Center, University of California,
Davis
Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan Department of
Transportation, Lansing
Douglas W. Stotlar, President and Chief Executive Officer,
Con-Way, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan
C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in
Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (Past Chair,
1991)
Peter H. Appel, Administrator, Research and Innovative
Technology Administration, U.S. Department of
Transportation (ex officio)
J. Randolph Babbitt, Administrator, Federal Aviation
Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
(ex officio)
* Membership as of December 2010.
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Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, Georgia
(ex officio)
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Professor, Polytechnic Institute of New York
University, Brooklyn; Foreign Secretary, National
Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C. (ex officio)
Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety
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(ex officio)
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Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of
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Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
(ex officio)
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Policy, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio)
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Transportation Research Board publications are available
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Copyright 2010 by the National Academy of Sciences.
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
ISBN 978-0-309-16077-3 [Slipcased set of three volumes]
ISBN 978-0-309-16078-0 [Volume 1]
ISBN 978-0-309-16079-7 [Volume 2]
ISBN 978-0-309-16080-3 [Volume 3]
Highway Capacity Manual 2010
CHAPTER 27
FREEWAY WEAVING: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. ALTERNATIVE TOOL EXAMPLES FOR FREEWAY WEAVING
SEGMENTS ............................................................................................................27‐1
Determining the Weaving Segment Capacity ................................................ 27‐2
Effect of Demand on Performance ................................................................... 27‐3
Effect of Queue Backup from a Downstream Signal on the Exit Ramp...... 27‐4
Highway Capacity Manual 2010
CHAPTER 28
FREEWAY MERGES AND DIVERGES: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. ALTERNATIVE TOOL EXAMPLES FOR FREEWAY RAMPS.....................28‐1
Problem 1: Ramp‐Metering Effects .................................................................. 28‐1
Problem 2: Conversion of Leftmost Lane to an HOV Lane .......................... 28‐4
Highway Capacity Manual 2010
CHAPTER 29
URBAN STREET FACILITIES: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................29‐1
2. BASIC EXAMPLE PROBLEM CONFIGURATION........................................29‐2
3. SIGNAL TIMING PLAN DESIGN ....................................................................29‐4
Deterministic STPD Tools ................................................................................. 29‐4
Performance Measures....................................................................................... 29‐5
Initial Timing Plan Design................................................................................. 29‐7
Initial Timing Plan Performance ...................................................................... 29‐8
Adjustments to Improve Progression Quality................................................ 29‐9
Time–Space Diagrams........................................................................................ 29‐9
Other Graphic Displays ................................................................................... 29‐11
Potential Improvements from Phasing Optimization ................................. 29‐15
4. EFFECT OF MIDSEGMENT PARKING ACTIVITIES ................................29‐17
5. EFFECT OF PLATOONED ARRIVALS AT A ROUNDABOUT ................29‐20
6. QUEUE LENGTH ANALYSIS BASED ON VEHICLE TRAJECTORIES..29‐23
Queuing Characteristics .................................................................................. 29‐23
BOQ Assessment .............................................................................................. 29‐26
7. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................29‐28
Highway Capacity Manual 2010
CHAPTER 30
URBAN STREET SEGMENTS: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. TRAFFIC DEMAND ADJUSTMENTS..............................................................30‐1
Capacity Constraint and Volume Balance ...................................................... 30‐1
Origin–Destination Distribution....................................................................... 30‐3
Spillback Check................................................................................................... 30‐5
2. SIGNALIZED SEGMENT ANALYSIS............................................................30‐11
Discharge Flow Profile..................................................................................... 30‐11
Running Time ................................................................................................... 30‐12
Projected Arrival Flow Profile ........................................................................ 30‐12
Proportion of Time Blocked ............................................................................ 30‐15
3. DELAY DUE TO TURNS ...................................................................................30‐17
Delay due to Left Turns................................................................................... 30‐17
Delay due to Right Turns ................................................................................ 30‐22
4. QUICK ESTIMATION METHOD....................................................................30‐26
Introduction....................................................................................................... 30‐26
Input Data Requirements ................................................................................ 30‐26
Methodology..................................................................................................... 30‐27
Example Problem.............................................................................................. 30‐32
5. FIELD MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES........................................................30‐35
Free‐Flow Speed ............................................................................................... 30‐35
Average Travel Speed...................................................................................... 30‐36
6. COMPUTATIONAL ENGINE DOCUMENTATION...................................30‐39
Flowcharts ......................................................................................................... 30‐39
Linkage Lists ..................................................................................................... 30‐42
7. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................30‐45
Highway Capacity Manual 2010
CHAPTER 31
SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS: SUPPLEMENTAL
CONTENTS
1. TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONCEPTS..........................................................................31‐1
Types of Traffic Signal Control......................................................................... 31‐1
Intersection Traffic Movements........................................................................ 31‐2
Signal Phase Sequence ....................................................................................... 31‐2
Operational Modes............................................................................................. 31‐4
Left‐Turn Phase Sequence ................................................................................. 31‐5
Traffic Flow Characteristics............................................................................... 31‐6
2. CAPACITY AND PHASE DURATION...........................................................31‐10
Actuated Phase Duration ................................................................................ 31‐10
Lane Group Flow Rate on Multiple‐Lane Approaches ............................... 31‐30
Pretimed Phase Duration ................................................................................ 31‐37
Pedestrian and Bicycle Adjustment Factors.................................................. 31‐42
3. QUEUE ACCUMULATION POLYGON.........................................................31‐48
Introduction....................................................................................................... 31‐48
Concepts ............................................................................................................ 31‐48
General Procedure............................................................................................ 31‐49
Procedure for Selected Lane Groups ............................................................. 31‐51
4. QUEUE STORAGE RATIO................................................................................31‐68
Introduction....................................................................................................... 31‐68
Concepts ............................................................................................................ 31‐68
Procedure for Selected Lane Groups ............................................................. 31‐75
5. QUICK ESTIMATION METHOD....................................................................31‐83
Introduction....................................................................................................... 31‐83
Input Requirements.......................................................................................... 31‐83
Methodology..................................................................................................... 31‐84
6. FIELD MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES........................................................31‐97
Field Measurement of Intersection Control Delay....................................... 31‐97
Field Measurement of Saturation Flow Rate .............................................. 31‐103
Highway Capacity Manual 2010
7. COMPUTATIONAL ENGINE DOCUMENTATION.................................31‐109
Flowcharts........................................................................................................ 31‐109
Linkage Lists.................................................................................................... 31‐111
8. SIMULATION EXAMPLES .............................................................................31‐117
Introduction..................................................................................................... 31‐117
Effect of Storage Bay Overflow..................................................................... 31‐117
Effect of Right‐Turn‐on‐Red Operation....................................................... 31‐119
Effect of Short Through Lanes ...................................................................... 31‐122
Effect of Closely Spaced Intersections ......................................................... 31‐123
9. REFERENCES .....................................................................................................31‐125
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