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Building Wireless Sensor Network.pdf

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    Table of Contents
    Preface
    How This Book Is Organized
    About the Title
    About the Examples
    Conventions Used in This Book
    Using Code Examples
    Safari® Books Online
    How to Contact Us
    Acknowledgments
    Chapter 1. Getting Ready
    Buying an XBee Radio
    Hardware
    Antennas
    Vendors
    Buying an Adapter
    Digi Evaluation Board
    USB Adapters
    Breakout Boards
    Arduino Board Adapter Hack
    What Are All Those Pins?
    Choosing a Terminal Program
    Firmware Update Software
    X-CTU
    Terminal Software for Configuring Settings
    CoolTerm
    HyperTerminal
    Tera Term
    ZTerm
    screen
    Others
    Summary
    Chapter 2. Up and Running
    Radio Basics
    Electromagnetic Spectrum
    Inverse Square Law
    Introduction to ZigBee
    Network Topology
    Addressing Basics
    PAN Addresses
    Channels
    All Together Now
    XBee Firmware Updates
    Reading Current Firmware and Configuration
    Configuring XBee
    Settings
    Connecting from Windows
    Connecting from Macintosh
    Command Mode and Transparent Mode
    AT Commands (Are Your Friend)
    Using AT Commands
    Basic ZigBee Chat
    Parts
    Addresses
    Coordinator
    Router
    Two Computers
    One Computer
    Chat
    Troubleshooting
    Success!
    Chapter 3. Build a Better Doorbell
    ZigBee and Arduino
    About Arduino
    Arduino Basics
    Buying an Arduino
    Don’t forget the cable
    Downloading the software
    Using the Arduino IDE
    Selecting the board and port
    Code structure
    Buying electronics supplies
    Connecting to Arduino
    Doorbell Projects
    Parts
    Prepare Your Radios
    Connect Power from Arduino to Breadboard
    XBee Breakout Board
    XBee Connections
    Doorbell Introduction
    Switch Input...
    ...and Buzzer Output
    Configure Your XBees
    Program the Arduino Doorbell
    Troubleshooting
    Feedback Doorbell
    Feedback Light
    Program the Arduino Feedback Doorbell
    Extra: Nap Doorbells and More
    Chapter 4. Ins and Outs
    The Story of Data
    Direct, Indirect, Subtext
    I/O Concepts
    Why XBee Direct?
    XBee Direct Limitations
    XBee I/O Features
    AT Configuration I/O Commands
    Advanced I/O Commands
    Romantic Lighting Sensor
    Basic Romantic Lighting Sensor
    Parts
    Prepare your coordinator radio
    Prepare your router radio
    Prepare the Sensor Board
    Configure your router XBee
    Connect power from battery to breadboard
    Router XBee connection to battery
    Photoresistor input
    Prepare the Base Station
    Connect power from Arduino to breadboard
    Coordinator XBee connection to Arduino
    Light output
    Program the romantic lighting sensor base station
    Troubleshooting
    Romantic Lighting Sensor with Feedback
    Add light output to the sensor
    Configure your router XBee
    Program the romantic lighting sensor with feedback base station
    API Ahead
    Chapter 5. API and a Sensor Network
    What’s an API?
    Protocols
    Humans
    Computers
    Start bytes
    Length byte
    Contents ID
    XBee API Protocol
    Start Delimiter
    Length Bytes
    Frame Data Bytes
    Checksum
    API Frame Types
    AT Commands
    Frame type
    Frame ID
    AT command
    Parameter value
    Checksum
    AT Responses
    Frame type
    Frame ID
    AT command
    Command status
    Command data
    ZigBee Transmit Request
    64-bit destination address
    16-bit destination network address
    ZigBee Transmit Status
    Transmit retry count
    Delivery status
    Discovery status
    ZigBee Receive Packet
    64-bit source address
    16-bit source network address
    Receive options
    Received data
    I/O Data Sample Rx Indicator
    Number of samples
    Digital channel mask
    Analog channel mask
    Digital samples
    Analog samples
    Remote AT Command Request
    Remote command options
    Remote Command Response
    Using What You Need
    Libraries
    Simple Sensor Network
    Parts
    Prepare Your Coordinator Radio
    Prepare Your Router Radios
    Prepare the Sensor Boards
    Connect voltage regulator circuit and power jack to breadboard
    Router XBee connection to power
    Temperature input
    Second sensor board
    Prepare the Base Station
    Connect to computer
    Program the Base Station
    Simple Sensor Network display code in Processing
    Troubleshooting
    Yay!
    Chapter 6. Sleeping, Then Changing the World
    Sleep Mode
    End Devices
    Storing and forwarding
    Constraints
    Advantages
    Configuring Sleep
    Sleep Mode
    Sleep Period
    Time Before Sleep
    Advanced commands
    Easy Sleeping
    Simple Sensor with Sleep Project
    Parts
    Prepare Your End Device Radios
    Configure Your End Device XBees
    Add sensor nodes...
    ...or replace sensor nodes
    Direct Actuation
    Direct Actuation Example
    Parts
    Prepare Your Coordinator Radio
    Prepare Your Router Radios
    Prepare the Actuator Boards
    Configure Your Router XBees
    Connect voltage regulator circuit and power jack to breadboard
    Router XBee connection to power
    Transistor and relay output
    Second actuator board
    PowerSwitch Tail A/C relay
    Prepare the Base Station
    Connect to your computer
    Program the actuator network base station
    Simple Actuator Node Code in Processing
    Summary
    Chapter 7. Over the Borders
    Gateways
    XBee as Embedded Gateway
    Other Embedded Gateways
    Internet Gateways
    Internet Media
    Computers Versus Dedicated Devices
    ConnectPorts
    Selecting a ConnectPort
    Setting Up a ConnectPort
    Troubleshooting
    Configuring a ConnectPort
    Remote Management
    iDigi Connectivity Server
    iDigi Features
    Adding a ConnectPort
    Viewing Configurations
    Firmware Updates and Remote Reboot
    Viewing an XBee Network
    XBee Internet Gateway (XIG)
    Installing and Configuring XIG
    Testing XIG
    XIG Example
    XIG download example in PHP
    Twitter Reader
    Parts
    Prepare Your ConnectPort with XBee Internet Gateway
    Prepare Your Router Radio
    Configure Your Router Radio
    Prepare the Twitter Reader Board
    Connect power from Arduino to breadboard
    XBee connection to Arduino
    Liquid crystal display (LCD) output
    Program the Arduino
    Installing the NewSoftSerial library
    Twitter Reader code
    Troubleshooting
    Moving Forward
    Chapter 8. More to Love
    Advanced ZigBee
    ZigBee Stack Layers
    Application Support Layer
    Profiles
    Endpoints
    Clusters
    Next steps
    Routing
    Next steps
    Security
    Network and link keys
    Technical details
    Fast guide to turning on XBee network security
    Using optional APS encryption
    ZigBee Protocol References
    Serial Flow Control
    RTS and CTS
    Sharing Data
    Pachube
    Simple Sensor Network with Pachube
    API Key
    Build the Simple Sensor Network in Chapter 5
    Program the Base Station
    Simple Sensor Network Pachube Code in Processing
    Troubleshooting
    The Future of ZigBee
    Next Steps for You
    Making Stuff
    Sharing Your Work
    Appendix. Resource Guide
    Arduino Resources
    Processing Resources
    Python Resources
    ZigBee Resources Online
    Standards Organizations
    Digi International Resources
    Additional Online Resource Lists
    Recommended Books
    Sidewalk Telescopes
    Troubleshooting
    Common XBee Mistakes
    XBee Arduino Mistakes
    Reference Tables
    Other ZigBee Modules
    ZigBee Packet Sniffers
    Digi XBee Radio Modules
    XBee Connectors and Shields
    Hex, Decimal, and Binary
    ASCII Codes
    XBee Command Reference
    Index
    Building Wireless Sensor Networks
    Building Wireless Sensor Networks Robert Faludi Beijing•Cambridge•Farnham•Köln•Sebastopol•Tokyo
    Building Wireless Sensor Networks by Robert Faludi Copyright © 2011 Robert Faludi. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://my.safaribooksonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com. Editor: Brian Jepson Production Editor: Adam Zaremba Copyeditor: Sharon Terdeman Technical Editors: Kate Hartman and Jordan Husney Proofreader: Sada Preisch Indexer: Angela Howard Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Interior Designer: David Futato Illustrator: Robert Romano Printing History: December 2010: First Edition. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Building Wireless Sensor Networks, the image of dachshunds, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc., was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information con- tained herein. This book uses RepKover™, a durable and flexible lay-flat binding. ISBN: 978-0-596-80773-3 [M] 1292271061 TM
    Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Buying an Adapter Buying an XBee Radio Hardware Antennas Vendors 1. Getting Ready . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 4 6 6 7 7 10 12 15 15 17 17 20 Digi Evaluation Board USB Adapters Breakout Boards Arduino Board Adapter Hack What Are All Those Pins? Choosing a Terminal Program Firmware Update Software Terminal Software for Configuring Settings Summary Radio Basics Electromagnetic Spectrum Inverse Square Law Introduction to ZigBee Network Topology Addressing Basics PAN Addresses Channels All Together Now 2. Up and Running . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 23 24 24 25 27 28 29 29 29 32 35 40 Reading Current Firmware and Configuration XBee Firmware Updates Configuring XBee v
    Settings Connecting from Windows Connecting from Macintosh Command Mode and Transparent Mode AT Commands (Are Your Friend) Using AT Commands Basic ZigBee Chat Parts Addresses Coordinator Router Two Computers One Computer Chat Troubleshooting Success! 40 41 43 46 47 49 50 50 50 51 53 53 54 54 55 56 Doorbell Projects ZigBee and Arduino About Arduino Arduino Basics Connecting to Arduino 3. Build a Better Doorbell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 57 57 59 65 67 67 68 68 68 69 72 72 73 75 77 80 81 81 83 Parts Prepare Your Radios Connect Power from Arduino to Breadboard XBee Breakout Board XBee Connections Doorbell Introduction Switch Input... ...and Buzzer Output Configure Your XBees Program the Arduino Doorbell Feedback Doorbell Feedback Light Program the Arduino Feedback Doorbell Extra: Nap Doorbells and More 4. Ins and Outs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 85 The Story of Data 85 87 88 Direct, Indirect, Subtext Why XBee Direct? I/O Concepts vi | Table of Contents
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