基于fpga的自适应滤波器.pdf

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封面

声明

中文摘要

英文摘要

第一章绪论

1.1研究目的与意义

1.2国内外研究现状

1.3课题的主要研究内容

1.4 本章小结

第二章自适应陷波滤波器的原理以及实验平台

2.1自适应滤波器理论介绍

2.2设计平台介绍

2.3本章小结

第三章自适应横向滤波器的FPGA实现

3.1自适应滤波器的Matlab仿真研究

3.2自适应滤波器的FPGA模块化设计

3.3本章小结

第四章自适应陷波滤波器的FPGA设计

4.1符号LMS算法的梯度特征值选择及系统结构设计

4.2噪声信号分析以及参考信号频率值提取

4.3自适应陷波模块的设计

4.4 采用频域变换法自适应陷波器滤除工频噪声

4.5本章小结

第五章总结与展望

1.总结

2.展望

参考文献

致谢

攻读学位期间发表的学术论文目录

˝ • ‰ ˚

基于 FPGA 的自适应滤波器设计摘要数字滤波器较模拟滤波器相比，具有信噪比高，过渡带性能好，高可靠性及可扩展性，设计灵活方便的优势，应用范围越来越广。随着专用数字信号处理芯片的发展，数字滤波器的可实现性能以及处理速度得到了极大的提升，FPGA（现场可编程门阵列）作为一种新型数字信号处理芯片，具有数字信号处理速度快、数据并行处理并且利用硬件编程语言直接进行硬件设计等特点，自适应滤波器的 FPGA 设计以及优化方法，是目前的一个研究热点。本文对自适应滤波器进行 Matlab 仿真，以对其结构特性以及运算特点进行了解，利用 Matlab 生成测试信号与 FPGA 仿真软件 Modelsim 进行联合设计以及行为仿真，采用 Altera 公司的 Cyclone IV 系列芯片 EP4CE15F17C8 为载体的开发板进行设计仿真，在设计过程中，充分利用 FPGA 可以并行处理以及快速的数字信号处理的特点进行针对性的结构设计。在此基础上做了以下工作。在充分了解滤波器，自适应横向滤波器，自适应陷波滤波器以及 FFT 变换原理的基础上，选择并搭建了设计平台，在目前自适应横向滤波器的 FPGA 设计的研究基础上，采用模块化的设计方法，单独设计可重复调用的串行 FIR 滤波模块以及串行 LMS 权值更新模块，对两种模块的设计以及综合分别进行了设计以及仿真实验，通过并行调用两种不同模块，每种调用四个的方式设计一个 16 阶的滤波器为例来阐述模块化设计方法，并设计 32 阶 64 阶分别与全串行以及全并行设计方式的处理速率以及逻辑资源调用进行比较，结果说明运算速率与并行调用模块数量成正比，远快于全串行结构的设计方式，并且对于 64 阶全并行系统来说，极大的减少了硬件资源的消 I ˝ • ‰ ˚

耗，提高了设计灵活性。在此设计的基础上，针对传统自适应陷波滤波器的滤波频率固定不变的缺陷，提出了一种频域变换法检测噪声特征频率，并可以根据特征噪声频率实时改变陷波频率的滤波器设计方法，为了减小设计复杂性，研究了符号 LMS 自适应陷波器算法，通过 Matlab 仿真实验选取符号的特征变量。并对噪声信号提取算法进行了介绍和设计仿真，最终设计出根据噪声频率自动调节陷波中心频率的自适应陷波滤波器，并对滤波器性能进行了 Modelsim 仿真研究，自适应陷波器具有能有效的滤除对应频率的单频噪声信号，并且根据噪声的频率特性自动调节滤波频率的特点。针对两种自适应滤波器的 FPGA 设计，体现了 FPGA 在自适应滤波器设计时灵活性以及针对性，两种不同类型的自适应滤波器，可以分别适用于普通数字滤波器无法有效发挥作用的场合，同时本文的设计方法对其它类型数字信号处理系统的 FPGA 实现具有一定参考价值。关键词：现场可编程门阵列，自适应横向滤波器，模块化设计，自适应陷波器 II ˝ • ‰ ˚

DESIGN OF ADAPTIVE FILTER BASED ON FPGA ABSTRACT Compared with analog filter, digital filter has the advantages of high signal to noise ratio, good performance of transition zone, high reliability and expansibility, flexible and convenient design and application. With development of special digital signal processing chip, digital filter CAN achieve performance and processing speed has been greatly improved, the realization of the use of the better performance of digital chip design more complex filter, so that the adaptive filter realization and application become possible, FPGA (field programmable gate array) is a new type of digital signal processing chip, with parallel processing of data and CAN use hardware programming language directly the characteristics of the hardware design, is currently a hot research topic for study of adaptive filter is implemented on FPGA. The Matlab simulation of the adaptive filter, to understand the characteristics of the structure and operation characteristics, and the use of Matlab generating test signals and FPGA simulation software Modelsim joint behavior simulation of FPGA design, then to Altera cyclone IV series chip ep4ce15f17c8 as the carrier of the development board for simulation design, in the design process, make full use of FPGA parallel processing and fast digital signal processing for structural design. On this basis, the following work has been done: The filter needed to fully understand, adaptive transversal filter, adaptive notch filter and FFT transform based on the principle of selection and build a design platform, first in the basic research of current FPGA adaptive transversal filter realization, using modular design method, the structure is divided into single and serial FIR filter module serial LMS weight update module, the design of the two modules and integrated were designed, and simulation experiments, through III ˝ • ‰ ˚

the parallel call two different modules, each call the four way to design a 16 order filter as an example to illustrate the modular design method, and design of 32 order and 64 order respectively with serial and the processing rate parallel design methods and logic resources call were compared. The results show that the operation rate and parallel call module is proportional to the number, far faster In the whole serial design mode, and for the 64 order all parallel system, greatly improve the design flexibility, reduce the consumption of hardware resources. After the design on this basis, the traditional adaptive trapped wave filter, filter frequency fixed defects, put forward a method of frequency domain transform detection noise characteristic frequency, and CAN change in real time according to the characteristics of noise frequency trapped wave frequency filter design methods, in order to reduce the design complexity and the sign LMS adaptive notch filter algorithm, the characteristic variables of the symbol is determined through the simulation experiment of Matlab. And the noise signal extraction algorithm are introduced and the simulation design, the final design according to frequency noise automatically adjust the trapped wave frequency adaptive notch filter, and on the performance of the filters were Modelsim simulation research, the adaptive notch filter has CAN effectively filter on the frequency of the single frequency noise signal, and does not affect the characteristics of waveforms useful. For the FPGA design of two based on the LMS adaptive algorithm of filter, reflecting the FPGA in the adaptive filter design flexibility and uniqueness, two different types of adaptive filter CAN be respectively applicable to ordinary digital filter CAN not effectively play the role of occasions, also the design method of other types of digital signal processing system based on FPGA implementation has a certain reference value. KEY WORDS: FPGA,Adaptive transversal filter,Modular design,Adaptive- -notch filter IV ˝ • ‰ ˚

目录摘要 ........................................................................................................................................... I ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. III 第一章绪论 .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 研究目的与意义 .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 数字滤波器简介 ............................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 基于 FPGA 的自适应滤波器研究意义 ........................................................... 2 1.2 国内外研究现状 .......................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 自适应滤波器研究现状 ................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 自适应滤波器的 FPGA 实现研究现状 ........................................................... 5 1.3 课题的主要研究内容 .................................................................................................. 6 1.3.1 课题的主要工作 ............................................................................................... 6 1.3.2 课题的研究实现方案 ....................................................................................... 7 1.4 本章小结 ..................................................................................................................... 7 第二章自适应陷波滤波器的原理以及实验平台 .................................................................. 9 2.1 自适应滤波器理论介绍 .............................................................................................. 9 2.1.1 IIR 与 FIR 滤波器简介 ..................................................................................... 9 2.1.2 LMS 算法原理 ................................................................................................ 13 2.1.3 自适应陷波器的原理 ..................................................................................... 15 2.1.4 FFT 变换的原理 ............................................................................................. 17 2.2 设计平台介绍 ............................................................................................................ 20 2.2.1 自适应滤波器的设计平台 ............................................................................. 20 2.2.2 自适应陷波滤波器接口 ................................................................................. 22 2.3 本章小结 .................................................................................................................... 24 第三章自适应横向滤波器的 FPGA 实现 ............................................................................ 27 3.1 自适应滤波器的 Matlab 仿真研究 ........................................................................... 27 3.1.1 自适应滤波器的功能仿真研究 ..................................................................... 27 3.1.2 自适应滤波器的滤波收敛性能研究方法 ..................................................... 28 3.1.3 自适应滤波器的收敛性能研究 ..................................................................... 30 V ˝ • ‰ ˚

3.2 自适应滤波器的 FPGA 模块化设计 ....................................................................... 33 3.2.1 自适应滤波器 FPGA 模块化设计原理 ........................................................ 33 3.2.2 FIR 串行模块的设计 ..................................................................................... 34 3.2.3 LMS 串行模块的设计 ................................................................................... 35 3.2.4 自适应滤波器多级处理结构整体设计 ......................................................... 36 3.2.5 结构特性分析 ................................................................................................. 39 3.3 本章小结 .................................................................................................................... 40 第四章自适应陷波滤波器的 FPGA 设计 ........................................................................... 41 4.1 符号 LMS 算法的梯度特征值选择及系统结构设计 ............................................. 41 4.1.1 符号 LMS 算法的梯度特征值选择 .............................................................. 41 4.1.2 FIR 自适应陷波滤波器系统结构设计 ......................................................... 44 4.2 噪声信号分析以及参考信号频率值提取 ................................................................ 46 4.2.1 FFT 变换的功能 ............................................................................................. 46 4.2.2 FFT 变换的参数介绍 ..................................................................................... 46 4.2.3 FFT IP 核的调试以及功能测试 .................................................................... 48 4.2.4 特征噪声频率提取算法 ................................................................................. 50 4.3 自适应陷波模块的设计 ............................................................................................ 54 4.3.1 自适应陷波器的 Matlab 仿真 ....................................................................... 54 4.3.2 自适应陷波器 FPGA 设计时的数据截取方法 ............................................ 55 4.3.3 自适应陷波器模块的 FPGA 设计 ................................................................ 56 4.3.4 自适应陷波器的整体设计 ............................................................................ 60 4.4 采用频域变换法自适应陷波器滤除工频噪声 ....................................................... 60 4.4.1 提高系统实时性的方法 ................................................................................. 61 4.4.2 模拟与实验验证 ............................................................................................. 62 4.5 本章小结 .................................................................................................................... 65 第五章总结与展望 ................................................................................................................ 67 参考文献 .................................................................................................................................. 69 致谢 .......................................................................................................................................... 75 攻读学位期间发表的学术论文目录 ...................................................................................... 77 VI ˝ • ‰ ˚

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