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研究生英语课后题答案.doc

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    练习答案 Unit 1 Text A Tax Competition Spurs Globalization Ⅱ. Key to the exercises 1. Reading comprehension (1) The economic forces behind globalization include rising trade and investment flows, greater labor mobility, and rapid transfers of technology. Those trends have bee stimulated by the deregulation of financial markets, reductions in trade barriers, and lower communication costs. (2) Most economists support globalization because it raises the incomes of people worldwide. Another lesser0noticed benefit is that it makes it harder for governments to sustain excessively high tax rates. When economic integration increases, individuals and businesses gain the freedom to take advantage of low tax rates abroad. (3) It shows that some smart nations like Ireland are treating international tax competition as an opportunity, not a threat. (4) First, high0tax countries have urged international organizations to reduce tax competition. Second, many nations are adding layers of complex rules on businesses to discourage them from investing abroad, rather than reducing tax burdens so that businesses want to invest at home. (5) Because there are more opportunities and lower taxes in cities such as London.
    (6) The author cites the case of Ireland to show that with the reduction of taxes, a large number of immigrants are attracted, and people at home are unwilling to migrate out. The lower one country's tax is, the more skilled people are attracted. (7) Because market competition encourages production efficiency. Tax competition provides an incentive to improve government efficiency. For example, the Federal government is no longer a monopoly―Americans now are able to invest abroad, retire in a low0tax Caribbean country, or move their business to low0tax Ireland. Accordingly, the Federal government needs to reform the tax code and provide services more efficiently to encourage Americans and their money to stay at home. (8) Tax competition among countries should be a win0win policy, as it restrains governments and helps spur global economic growth. 2. Vocabulary (1) d (2) g (3) k (4) I (5) b (6) m (7) c (8) f (9) n (10) a 3. Paraphrase (1) Until now, basic economic forces have been greater in importance than political efforts to make this trend slow. (2) Efforts to oppose the effects of economic integration have extended from anti0globalization protests to Congressional efforts to prevent American companies from forming new corporations in foreign countries. (3) The U.S. is able to be divided into this group because it has one of
    the highest corporate tax rates. (4) International investors have been affected easily by changes and differences between national tax rates when their investment choices have increased. (5) For many years, young Irish people went to America and other foreign countries, and tried to find a way to live a better life. But after Ireland reduced individual tax and then quickly cut corporate tax, the pattern of out0migration was changed around completely. (6) If the U.S. makes progress in tax reform, other nations would probably reform their taxes in the same way, as they did when the U.S. reduced rates in the 1980s. 4. Cloze (1) and(2) understand(3) about(4) sides(5) what(6) bad(7) nor(8) properly(9) destroy(10) says(11) which(12) stronger(13) behind(14) up(15) While(16) unique(17) dark(18) benefits(19) from(20) rule 5. Translation A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. 由于殖民地与许多海外地区的大量贸易,所有欧洲重要商业国以及它们在西半球 领地的金银铸币在北美东海岸都可以自由交换.由于法律不允许英国货币从英国 流向殖民地,相比之下,西班牙的货币更加重要.这些货币在墨西哥城及利马铸造, 再进入西班牙殖民地.西班牙币在殖民地被普遍使用,以至于这种硬币最后成为 美国货币单位. B. Translate the following sentences into English. (1) With the growing of this town's economy, people intend to tailor a
    first0class nursing home for the needs of the local elderly. (2) Because of the recessionary effect on the economy, many small businesses have gone bankrupt or have been swallowed up by giant corporations. (3) The facts relative to the case have been surveyed clearly, and the court has still to pass judgment on it. (4) He didn't marry her, because he felt that although pity was closely akin to love, they were still different. He was eager to marry for love, not pity. (5) Your advice was a great help to me, so a small expression of my gratitude is in place. Text B Measuring Globalization Key to the exercises 1. F2. F3. T4. F5. T6. T7. F8. F9. F10. T Unit 2 Text A Climate Talks Collapse: Rejoice, Rejoice! Ⅱ. Key to the exercises 1. Reading comprehension (1) This sentence reveals that the author didn't feel disappointed about the collapse of the conference. Instead, he thought it was a good thing in the long run. A similar attitude is also embedded in sentences like "climate talks collapse: rejoice, rejoice!", "And then, thank God, it all collapsed." and "we are better off with a clean slate than a weak precedent."
    (2) First, the targets decided on the conference are too measly, more than ten times less than we need to stabilize the problem. Even if the conference had been a success, the crisis would still not be able to be diverted. Second, once the agreement had been made, politicians would stop wasting their time on climate problems for some time, giving the public a false impression that something was being done. What's more, some developed countries would frequently use "flexible mechanisms" to delude. So the author thought the collapse was for the best. (3) According to the text, the real solution to the climate crisis is to adapt economics. For example, unnecessary dependence on the global economy should be shifted towards dependence on the local economy, and infrastructure should be established to free us from dependence on fossil fuels, and wind power should be better exploited to avoid more pollution. (4) The author thought this claim was ridiculous. He thought if we did not take action, the cost would be much more. So, according to him, it was worthwhile for us to take action to combat climate crisis compared with the loss caused by natural disasters. (5) The author considered this as a waste, because the chance for the occurrence of an attack from a nuclear state is slim. To waste money on something unlikely to happen is automatically unwise. He thought it would be better to spend the same sum on the prevention of the deterioration of climate, which has a greater possibility to happen.
    2. Vocabulary (1) splashed(2) comply(3) offset(4) concessions(5) pledged(6) prohibitive(7) Astoundingly(8) undermined(9) deluded(10) tumbled 3. Paraphrase (1) After many years of warning from people who are concerned about the protection of environment, groups of influential people in science and politics in most countries had finally began to realize and understand. (2) The analysis of the IPCC scientists was repeated by a number of other scientific groups, and even by the British and American government. (3) Actually, we might be wiser to keep a clean record than a weak climate agreement made earlier. In another words, we might be wiser not to have any if we can only achieve a climate agreement which is not so binding. (4) Without changing our economics, we will just be saving the separate leaves on a dying tree. That is to say, without changing our economics, the action taken by us will be just superficial, not enough to divert the worsening situation. (5) Our government, similar to its predecessors, sticks to the belief that increased global trade is naturally beneficial. (6) This has not only weakened the local economies gradually, but has also led to the situation where each mouthful of food involves the consumption of gallons of fuel.
    (7) Surprisingly, some people still declare that climate change is something imaginary and impossible-and that, even if it is not imaginary, the costs of changing the situation will prevent us from taking action. (8) There is no negative side in the action to prevent climate change. 4. Cloze (1) committing(2) combat(3) issued(4) reduce(5) withdrawal(6) ratified(7) accounted(8) emissions(9) participation(10) implemented[](11) reached(12) proceed(13) secure(14) concessions(15) original(16) option(17) pressure(18) unanimous(19) revised(20) greenhouse5. Translation A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. 但是,一切都考虑进去了之后,那个长期的真正能够解决环境危机的方法却被所 有的领导人忽视了.倘若不去调整我们的经济,我们将只能是绿化垂死的树上的 个别叶子.我们的政府,和它的前任们一样,坚持认为持续增长的全球贸易理所当 然是一件好事情.因此,政府给予了无数直接或间接的资助.这些资助只能使那些 生产远距离出口商品的大公司获益:比方说,欧盟的要求使得这个国家不得不进 口一些诸如牛奶之类的基本商品.这不仅殃及到了当地的经济,而且会造成一种 局面:每一口普普通通的食物在抵达我们嘴边之前都要消耗掉数加仑的燃料.我 们正在迅速地朝着美国现在所面临的难以维继的局面发展.在美国,每一盘普普 通通的食物都穿越了长达 1000 多英里的旅程,这并不是聪明的经济,也不是一种 很好的做法. B. Translate the following sentences into English. (1) As to the climate crisis, we are better off with a clean slate than a
    weak proposal. Because once the proposal is made, politicians will close the climate chapter for some time. (2) She's cottoned on that her constant stomachache was caused by eating the smoked meat on offer last week at the local market. (3) That superstar descended on a small costal town, which was splashed across the front page of the local newspaper. (4) His last0ditch effort to win a place in the business world collapsed, which seemed frustrating. But it was also for the best. From the failure, he could learn a lot. (5) Parents lavish their love and care on their children. However, when they become old, some of them are condemned to live alone. (6) The present political leaders of our country, in line with his predecessors, were wedded to the belief that we should not retreat in the action against corruption. (7) The school dropouts in poverty0stricken areas came back to school by courtesy of the subsidies from government and donations from the kind people. (8) Under the effective organization of the local government, the damage caused by the flood has been watered down to the minimum. (9) Superpowers forge ahead in economic development, leaving other countries far behind. But it doesn't necessarily follow that they have the final say in everything. (10) At the end of the day the new executive is no better than his predecessor.
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