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C语言教程讲义(谭浩强).pdf
C语言概述
Ｃ语言的发展过程
当代最优秀的程序设计语言
Ｃ语言版本
Ｃ语言的特点
面向对象的程序设计语言
Ｃ和Ｃ＋＋
简单的Ｃ程序介绍
输入和输出函数
Ｃ源程序的结构特点
书写程序时应遵循的规则
Ｃ语言的字符集
Ｃ语言词汇
Turbo C 2.0集成开发环境的使用
Turbo C 2.0简介和启动
Turbo C 2.0集成开发环境
File菜单
Edit菜单
Run菜单
Compile菜单
Project菜单
Options菜单
Debug菜单
Break/watch菜单
Turbo C 2.0的配置文件
程序的灵魂—算法
算法的概念
简单算法举例
算法的特性
怎样表示一个算法
用自然语言表示算法
用流程图表示算法
三种基本结构和改进的流程图
用N-S流程图表示算法
用伪代码表示算法
用计算机语言表示算法
结构化程序设计方法
数据类型、运算符与表达式
Ｃ语言的数据类型
常量与变量
常量和符号常量
变量
整型数据
整型常量的表示方法
整型变量
实型数据
实型常量的表示方法
实型变量
实型常数的类型
字符型数据
字符常量
转义字符
字符变量
字符数据在内存中的存储形式及使用方法
字符串常量
变量赋初值
各类数值型数据之间的混合运算
算术运算符和算术表达式
C运算符简介
算术运算符和算术表达式
赋值运算符和赋值表达式
逗号运算符和逗号表达式
小结
Ｃ的数据类型
基本类型的分类及特点
常量后缀
常量类型
数据类型转换
运算符优先级和结合性
表达式
最简单的C程序设计—顺序程序设计
Ｃ语句概述
赋值语句
数据输入输出的概念及在C语言中的实现
字符数据的输入输出
putchar 函数（字符输出函数）
getchar函数（键盘输入函数）
格式输入与输出
printf函数（格式输出函数）
scanf函数(格式输入函数)
顺序结构程序设计举例
分支结构程序
关系运算符和表达式
关系运算符及其优先次序
关系表达式
逻辑运算符和表达式
逻辑运算符极其优先次序
逻辑运算的值
逻辑表达式
if语句
if语句的三种形式
if语句的嵌套
条件运算符和条件表达式
switch语句
程序举例
循环控制
概述
goto语句以及用goto语句构成循环
while语句
do-while语句
for语句
循环的嵌套
几种循环的比较
break和continue语句
break语句
continue 语句
程序举例
数组
一维数组的定义和引用
一维数组的定义方式
一维数组元素的引用
一维数组的初始化
一维数组程序举例
二维数组的定义和引用
二维数组的定义
二维数组元素的引用
二维数组的初始化
二维数组程序举例
字符数组
字符数组的定义
字符数组的初始化
字符数组的引用
字符串和字符串结束标志
字符数组的输入输出
字符串处理函数
程序举例
本章小结
函 数
概述
函数定义的一般形式
函数的参数和函数的值
形式参数和实际参数
函数的返回值
函数的调用
函数调用的一般形式
函数调用的方式
被调用函数的声明和函数原型
函数的嵌套调用
函数的递归调用
数组作为函数参数
局部变量和全局变量
局部变量
全局变量
变量的存储类别
动态存储方式与静态动态存储方式
auto变量
用static声明局部变量
register变量
用extern声明外部变量
预处理命令
概述
宏定义
无参宏定义
带参宏定义
文件包含
条件编译
本章小结
指针
地址指针的基本概念
变量的指针和指向变量的指针变量
定义一个指针变量
指针变量的引用
指针变量作为函数参数
指针变量几个问题的进一步说明
数组指针和指向数组的指针变量
指向数组元素的指针
通过指针引用数组元素
数组名作函数参数
指向多维数组的指针和指针变量
字符串的指针指向字符串的针指变量
字符串的表示形式
使用字符串指针变量与字符数组的区别
函数指针变量
指针型函数
指针数组和指向指针的指针
指针数组的概念
指向指针的指针
main函数的参数
有关指针的数据类型和指针运算的小结
有关指针的数据类型的小结
指针运算的小结
void指针类型
结构体与共用体
定义一个结构的一般形式
结构类型变量的说明
结构变量成员的表示方法
结构变量的赋值
结构变量的初始化
结构数组的定义
结构指针变量的说明和使用
指向结构变量的指针
指向结构数组的指针
结构指针变量作函数参数
动态存储分配
链表的概念
枚举类型
枚举类型的定义和枚举变量的说明
枚举类型变量的赋值和使用
类型定义符typedef
位运算
位运算符Ｃ语言提供了六种位运算符：
按位与运算
按位或运算
按位异或运算
求反运算
左移运算
右移运算
位域（位段）
本章小结
文件
C文件概述
文件指针
文件的打开与关闭
文件的打开(fopen函数)
文件关闭函数（fclose函数）
文件的读写
字符读写函数fgetc和fputc
字符串读写函数fgets和fputs
数据块读写函数fread和fwtrite
格式化读写函数fscanf和fprintf
文件的随机读写
文件定位
文件的随机读写
文件检测函数
文件结束检测函数feof函数
读写文件出错检测函数
文件出错标志和文件结束标志置0函数
Ｃ库文件
本章小结
C 语言教程讲义
Loon_zz
1 C 语言概述 ······························································································································1
1.1 Ｃ语言的发展过程········································································································1
1.2 当代最优秀的程序设计语言·······················································································1
1.3 Ｃ语言版本 ···················································································································1
1.4 Ｃ语言的特点 ···············································································································1
1.5 面向对象的程序设计语言···························································································2
1.6 Ｃ和Ｃ＋＋ ···················································································································2
1.7 简单的Ｃ程序介绍·······································································································2
1.8 输入和输出函数 ··········································································································4
1.9 Ｃ源程序的结构特点····································································································5
1.10 书写程序时应遵循的规则·························································································5
1.11 Ｃ语言的字符集··········································································································5
1.12 Ｃ语言词汇 ·················································································································5
1.13 Turbo C 2.0 集成开发环境的使用··············································································7
1.13.1 Turbo C 2.0 简介和启动···················································································7
1.13.2 Turbo C 2.0 集成开发环境···············································································7
1.13.3 File 菜单 ···········································································································8
1.13.4 Edit 菜单···········································································································9
1.13.5 Run 菜单·········································································································10
1.13.6 Compile 菜单··································································································11
1.13.7 Project 菜单 ····································································································12
1.13.8 Options 菜单···································································································13
1.13.9 Debug 菜单·····································································································17
1.13.10 Break/watch 菜单··························································································18
1.13.11 Turbo C 2.0 的配置文件 ···············································································19
2 程序的灵魂—算法 ················································································································20
2.1 算法的概念 ················································································································20
2.2 简单算法举例 ············································································································20
2.3 算法的特性 ················································································································23
2.4 怎样表示一个算法·····································································································23
2.4.1 用自然语言表示算法······················································································23
2.4.2 用流程图表示算法··························································································23
2.4.3 三种基本结构和改进的流程图 ······································································27
2.4.4 用 N-S 流程图表示算法··················································································28
2.4.5 用伪代码表示算法··························································································29
2.4.6 用计算机语言表示算法 ··················································································30
2.5 结构化程序设计方法·································································································30
3 数据类型、运算符与表达式·································································································31
3.1 Ｃ语言的数据类型······································································································31
3.2 常量与变量 ················································································································32
3.2.1 常量和符号常量······························································································32
3.2.2 变量 ·················································································································33
3.3 整型数据 ····················································································································33
3.3.1 整型常量的表示方法······················································································33
3.3.2 整型变量 ·········································································································34
3.4 实型数据 ····················································································································37
3.4.1 实型常量的表示方法······················································································37
3.4.2 实型变量 ·········································································································38
3.4.3 实型常数的类型······························································································39
3.5 字符型数据 ················································································································39
3.5.1 字符常量 ·········································································································39
3.5.2 转义字符 ·········································································································40
3.5.3 字符变量 ·········································································································41
3.5.4 字符数据在内存中的存储形式及使用方法···················································41
3.5.5 字符串常量······································································································42
3.6 变量赋初值 ················································································································42
3.7 各类数值型数据之间的混合运算 ·············································································43
3.8 算术运算符和算术表达式·························································································44
3.8.1 C 运算符简介···································································································45
3.8.2 算术运算符和算术表达式 ··············································································45
3.9 赋值运算符和赋值表达式·························································································47
3.10 逗号运算符和逗号表达式·······················································································49
3.11 小结 ··························································································································49
3.11.1 Ｃ的数据类型·································································································49
3.11.2 基本类型的分类及特点 ················································································49
3.11.3 常量后缀········································································································50
3.11.4 常量类型········································································································50
3.11.5 数据类型转换································································································50
3.11.6 运算符优先级和结合性 ················································································50
3.11.7 表达式············································································································50
4 最简单的 C 程序设计—顺序程序设计 ················································································51
4.1 Ｃ语句概述 ·················································································································51
4.2 赋值语句 ····················································································································52
4.3 数据输入输出的概念及在 C 语言中的实现 ·····························································53
4.4 字符数据的输入输出·································································································54
4.4.1 putchar 函数（字符输出函数） ·····································································54
4.4.2 getchar 函数（键盘输入函数）·······································································54
4.5 格式输入与输出 ········································································································55
4.5.1 printf 函数（格式输出函数） ·········································································55
4.5.2 scanf 函数(格式输入函数) ···············································································58
4.6 顺序结构程序设计举例·····························································································62
5 分支结构程序························································································································64
5.1 关系运算符和表达式·································································································64
5.1.1 关系运算符及其优先次序 ··············································································64
5.1.2 关系表达式······································································································64
5.2 逻辑运算符和表达式·································································································65
5.2.1 逻辑运算符极其优先次序 ··············································································65
5.2.2 逻辑运算的值··································································································65
5.3
5.2.3 逻辑表达式······································································································66
if 语句··························································································································67
if 语句的三种形式 ···························································································67
5.3.1
5.3.2
if 语句的嵌套 ···································································································70
5.3.3 条件运算符和条件表达式 ··············································································72
5.4 switch 语句··················································································································73
5.5 程序举例 ····················································································································74
6 循环控制································································································································76
6.1 概述····························································································································76
6.2 goto 语句以及用 goto 语句构成循环 ·········································································76
6.3 while 语句 ···················································································································77
6.4 do-while 语句 ··············································································································79
6.5
for 语句 ·······················································································································81
6.6 循环的嵌套 ················································································································84
6.7 几种循环的比较 ········································································································84
6.8 break 和 continue 语句································································································84
6.8.1 break 语句·········································································································84
6.8.2 continue 语句···································································································85
6.9 程序举例 ····················································································································86
7 数组 ·······································································································································89
7.1 一维数组的定义和引用·····························································································89
7.1.1 一维数组的定义方式······················································································89
7.1.2 一维数组元素的引用······················································································90
7.1.3 一维数组的初始化··························································································91
7.1.4 一维数组程序举例··························································································92
7.2 二维数组的定义和引用·····························································································93
7.2.1 二维数组的定义······························································································93
7.2.2 二维数组元素的引用······················································································94
7.2.3 二维数组的初始化··························································································95
7.2.4 二维数组程序举例··························································································96
7.3 字符数组 ····················································································································96
7.3.1 字符数组的定义······························································································96
7.3.2 字符数组的初始化··························································································97
7.3.3 字符数组的引用······························································································97
7.3.4 字符串和字符串结束标志 ··············································································98
7.3.5 字符数组的输入输出······················································································98
7.3.6 字符串处理函数······························································································99
7.4 程序举例 ··················································································································102
7.5 本章小结 ··················································································································105
8 函 数····································································································································106
8.1 概述··························································································································106
8.2 函数定义的一般形式·······························································································107
8.3 函数的参数和函数的值···························································································109
8.3.1 形式参数和实际参数····················································································109
8.3.2 函数的返回值································································································110
8.4 函数的调用 ··············································································································111
8.4.1 函数调用的一般形式····················································································111
8.4.2 函数调用的方式····························································································111
8.4.3 被调用函数的声明和函数原型 ····································································112
8.5 函数的嵌套调用 ······································································································113
8.6 函数的递归调用 ······································································································114
8.7 数组作为函数参数···································································································117
8.8 局部变量和全局变量·······························································································122
8.8.1 局部变量 ·······································································································122
8.8.2 全局变量 ·······································································································123
8.9 变量的存储类别 ······································································································125
8.9.1 动态存储方式与静态动态存储方式·····························································125
8.9.2 auto 变量·········································································································125
8.9.3 用 static 声明局部变量··················································································126
8.9.4
register 变量····································································································127
8.9.5 用 extern 声明外部变量 ················································································127
9 预处理命令··························································································································129
9.1 概述··························································································································129
9.2 宏定义······················································································································129
9.2.1 无参宏定义····································································································129
9.2.2 带参宏定义····································································································132
9.3 文件包含 ··················································································································136
9.4 条件编译 ··················································································································136
9.5 本章小结 ··················································································································138
10 指针 ·····································································································································140
10.1 地址指针的基本概念·····························································································140
10.2 变量的指针和指向变量的指针变量 ·····································································141
10.2.1 定义一个指针变量······················································································141
10.2.2 指针变量的引用··························································································142
10.2.3 指针变量作为函数参数 ··············································································145
10.2.4 指针变量几个问题的进一步说明·······························································149
10.3 数组指针和指向数组的指针变量 ·········································································151
10.3.1 指向数组元素的指针··················································································151
10.3.2 通过指针引用数组元素 ··············································································153
10.3.3 数组名作函数参数······················································································155
10.3.4 指向多维数组的指针和指针变量·······························································161
10.4 字符串的指针指向字符串的针指变量··································································164
10.4.1 字符串的表示形式······················································································164
10.4.2 使用字符串指针变量与字符数组的区别···················································167
10.5 函数指针变量 ········································································································168
10.6 指针型函数 ············································································································169
10.7 指针数组和指向指针的指针 ·················································································170
10.7.1 指针数组的概念··························································································170
10.7.2 指向指针的指针··························································································173
10.7.3 main 函数的参数··························································································175
10.8 有关指针的数据类型和指针运算的小结······························································176
10.8.1 有关指针的数据类型的小结 ······································································176
10.8.2 指针运算的小结··························································································177
10.8.3 void 指针类型·······························································································177
11 结构体与共用体··················································································································178
11.1 定义一个结构的一般形式 ·····················································································178
11.2 结构类型变量的说明·····························································································178
11.3 结构变量成员的表示方法 ·····················································································180
11.4 结构变量的赋值·····································································································181
11.5 结构变量的初始化·································································································181
11.6 结构数组的定义·····································································································182
11.7 结构指针变量的说明和使用 ·················································································184
11.7.1 指向结构变量的指针 ··················································································184
11.7.2 指向结构数组的指针 ··················································································185
11.7.3 结构指针变量作函数参数 ··········································································186
11.8 动态存储分配·········································································································187
11.9 链表的概念 ············································································································189
11.10 枚举类型 ··············································································································191
11.10.1 枚举类型的定义和枚举变量的说明·························································191
11.10.2 枚举类型变量的赋值和使用·····································································191
11.11 类型定义符 typedef······························································································193
12 位运算··································································································································194
12.1 位运算符Ｃ语言提供了六种位运算符：······························································194
12.1.1 按位与运算··································································································194
12.1.2 按位或运算··································································································194
12.1.3 按位异或运算······························································································195
12.1.4 求反运算 ·····································································································195
12.1.5 左移运算 ·····································································································195
12.1.6 右移运算 ·····································································································196
12.2 位域（位段） ········································································································196
12.3 本章小结 ················································································································199
13 文件 ·····································································································································200
13.1 C 文件概述··············································································································200
13.2 文件指针 ················································································································200
13.3 文件的打开与关闭·································································································201
13.3.1 文件的打开(fopen 函数) ·············································································201
13.3.2 文件关闭函数（fclose 函数）····································································202
13.4 文件的读写 ············································································································203
13.4.1 字符读写函数 fgetc 和 fputc ·······································································203
13.4.2 字符串读写函数 fgets 和 fputs····································································206
13.4.3 数据块读写函数 fread 和 fwtrite·································································208
13.4.4 格式化读写函数 fscanf 和 fprintf································································209
13.5 文件的随机读写·····································································································210
13.5.1 文件定位 ·····································································································211
13.5.2 文件的随机读写··························································································211
13.6 文件检测函数 ········································································································212
13.6.1 文件结束检测函数 feof 函数······································································212
13.6.2 读写文件出错检测函数 ··············································································212
13.6.3 文件出错标志和文件结束标志置 0 函数···················································212
13.7 Ｃ库文件 ·················································································································213
13.8 本章小结 ················································································································214
C 语言教程讲义 2007 年 7 月 26 日
C 语言教程
1 C 语言概述
1.1 Ｃ语言的发展过程
Ｃ语言是在 70 年代初问世的。一九七八年由美国电话电报公司(AT&T)贝尔实验室正
式 发 表 了 Ｃ 语 言 。 同 时 由 B.W.Kernighan 和 D.M.Ritchit 合 著 了 著 名 的 “ THE C
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE”一书。通常简称为《K&R》，也有人称之为《K&R》标准。
但是，在《K&R》中并没有定义一个完整的标准 C 语言，后来由美国国家标准协会（American
National Standards Institute）在此基础上制定了一个 C 语言标准，于一九八三年发表。通常
称之为 ANSI C。
1.2 当代最优秀的程序设计语言
早期的 C 语言主要是用于 UNIX 系统。由于Ｃ语言的强大功能和各方面的优点逐渐为
人们认识，到了八十年代，C 开始进入其它操作系统，并很快在各类大、中、小和微型计算
机上得到了广泛的使用，成为当代最优秀的程序设计语言之一。
1.3 Ｃ语言版本
目前最流行的Ｃ语言有以下几种：
·Microsoft C 或称 MS C
·Borland Turbo C 或称 Turbo C
·AT&T C
这些Ｃ语言版本不仅实现了 ANSI C 标准，而且在此基础上各自作了一些扩充，使之更
加方便、完美。
1.4 Ｃ语言的特点
1·C 语言简洁、紧凑，使用方便、灵活。ANSI C 一共只有 32 个关键字:
char
break
case
auto
enum
double else
do
long
if
int
goto
sizof
signed
struct
static
volatile while
unsigned void
const
extern
register
switch
continue
float
return
typedef
default
for
short
union
9 种控制语句，程序书写自由，主要用小写字母表示，压缩了一切不必要的成分。
Turbo C 扩充了 11 个关键字：
asm
cdecl
_cs
_es
_ss
_ds
far
1
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