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python官方tutorialPDF版_3.6.4.pdf
Whetting Your Appetite
Using the Python Interpreter
Invoking the Interpreter
The Interpreter and Its Environment
An Informal Introduction to Python
Using Python as a Calculator
First Steps Towards Programming
More Control Flow Tools
if Statements
for Statements
The range() Function
break and continue Statements, and else Clauses on Loops
pass Statements
Defining Functions
More on Defining Functions
Intermezzo: Coding Style
Data Structures
More on Lists
The del statement
Tuples and Sequences
Sets
Dictionaries
Looping Techniques
More on Conditions
Comparing Sequences and Other Types
Modules
More on Modules
Standard Modules
The dir() Function
Packages
Input and Output
Fancier Output Formatting
Reading and Writing Files
Errors and Exceptions
Syntax Errors
Exceptions
Handling Exceptions
Raising Exceptions
User-defined Exceptions
Defining Clean-up Actions
Predefined Clean-up Actions
Classes
A Word About Names and Objects
Python Scopes and Namespaces
A First Look at Classes
Random Remarks
Inheritance
Private Variables
Odds and Ends
Iterators
Generators
Generator Expressions
Brief Tour of the Standard Library
Operating System Interface
File Wildcards
Command Line Arguments
Error Output Redirection and Program Termination
String Pattern Matching
Mathematics
Internet Access
Dates and Times
Data Compression
Performance Measurement
Quality Control
Batteries Included
Brief Tour of the Standard Library — Part II
Output Formatting
Templating
Working with Binary Data Record Layouts
Multi-threading
Logging
Weak References
Tools for Working with Lists
Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic
Virtual Environments and Packages
Introduction
Creating Virtual Environments
Managing Packages with pip
What Now?
Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution
Tab Completion and History Editing
Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter
Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations
Representation Error
Appendix
Interactive Mode
Glossary
About these documents
Contributors to the Python Documentation
History and License
History of the software
Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
Copyright
Index
Python Tutorial
Release 3.6.4
Guido van Rossum
and the Python development team
February 08, 2018
Python Software Foundation
Email: docs@python.org
CONTENTS
1 Whetting Your Appetite
2 Using the Python Interpreter
2.1
2.2 The Interpreter and Its Environment
Invoking the Interpreter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 An Informal Introduction to Python
3.1 Using Python as a Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First Steps Towards Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2
4 More Control Flow Tools
4.1
if Statements
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2
for Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 The range() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
break and continue Statements, and else Clauses on Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4
4.5
pass Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6 Defining Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7 More on Defining Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8
Intermezzo: Coding Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 Data Structures
5.1 More on Lists
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 The del statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Tuples and Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4
Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5 Dictionaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6
Looping Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7 More on Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.8 Comparing Sequences and Other Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 Modules
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1 More on Modules
6.2
Standard Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3 The dir() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4 Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 Input and Output
7.1
7.2 Reading and Writing Files
Fancier Output Formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 Errors and Exceptions
3
5
5
6
9
9
16
19
19
19
20
21
22
22
24
29
31
31
35
36
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59
i
Syntax Errors
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1
8.2 Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3 Handling Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.4 Raising Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.5 User-defined Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.6 Defining Clean-up Actions
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.7 Predefined Clean-up Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9 Classes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1 A Word About Names and Objects
9.2 Python Scopes and Namespaces
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3 A First Look at Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4 Random Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.5
Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.6 Private Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.7 Odds and Ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.9 Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.10 Generator Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iterators
10 Brief Tour of the Standard Library
10.1 Operating System Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2 File Wildcards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3 Command Line Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.4 Error Output Redirection and Program Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.5 String Pattern Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.6 Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.7 Internet Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.8 Dates and Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.9 Data Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.10 Performance Measurement
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.11 Quality Control
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.12 Batteries Included . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11 Brief Tour of the Standard Library — Part II
11.1 Output Formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2 Templating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3 Working with Binary Data Record Layouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.4 Multi-threading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.5 Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.6 Weak References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.7 Tools for Working with Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.8 Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12 Virtual Environments and Packages
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2 Creating Virtual Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.3 Managing Packages with pip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 What Now?
59
59
60
62
63
64
64
67
67
67
70
73
75
76
77
77
78
79
81
81
81
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82
83
83
84
84
85
85
87
87
88
89
89
90
90
91
92
95
95
95
96
99
14 Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution
101
14.1 Tab Completion and History Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
14.2 Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
ii
15 Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations
103
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
15.1 Representation Error
16 Appendix
109
16.1 Interactive Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
A Glossary
111
B About these documents
123
B.1 Contributors to the Python Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
C History and License
125
C.1 History of the software
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
C.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
C.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
D Copyright
Index
141
143
iii
iv
Python Tutorial, Release 3.6.4
Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-level data structures and
a simple but effective approach to object-oriented programming. Python’s elegant syntax and dynamic
typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application
development in many areas on most platforms.
The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are freely available in source or binary form for all
major platforms from the Python Web site, https://www.python.org/, and may be freely distributed. The
same site also contains distributions of and pointers to many free third party Python modules, programs
and tools, and additional documentation.
The Python interpreter is easily extended with new functions and data types implemented in C or C++
(or other languages callable from C). Python is also suitable as an extension language for customizable
applications.
This tutorial introduces the reader informally to the basic concepts and features of the Python language
and system.
It helps to have a Python interpreter handy for hands-on experience, but all examples are
self-contained, so the tutorial can be read off-line as well.
For a description of standard objects and modules, see library-index. reference-index gives a more formal
definition of the language. To write extensions in C or C++, read extending-index and c-api-index. There
are also several books covering Python in depth.
This tutorial does not attempt to be comprehensive and cover every single feature, or even every commonly
used feature. Instead, it introduces many of Python’s most noteworthy features, and will give you a good
idea of the language’s flavor and style. After reading it, you will be able to read and write Python modules
and programs, and you will be ready to learn more about the various Python library modules described in
library-index.
The Glossary is also worth going through.
CONTENTS
1
Python Tutorial, Release 3.6.4
2
CONTENTS
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