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CIRCULARLY POLARIZED ANTENNAS

CIRCULARLY POLARIZED ANTENNAS Steven (Shichang) Gao, Qi Luo and Fuguo Zhu University of Kent, UK

This edition first published 2014 © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gao, Steven. Circularly polarized antennas/Steven (Shichang) Gao, Qi Luo, and Fuguo Zhu. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-118-37441-2 (cloth) 1. Spiral antennas. 2. Transmitting antennas. 3. Antenna radiation patterns. 4. Polarized beams (Nuclear physics) I. Luo, Qi, 1982- II. Zhu, Fuguo. III. Title. TK7871.67.S65G36 2014 621.382′4–dc23 2013030500 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-1-118-37441-2 Typeset in 10/12pt TimesLTStd by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India 1 2014

Contents Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations and Acronyms Introduction to Circularly Polarized Antennas Introduction 1 1.1 1.2 Antenna Parameters Input Impedance 1.2.1 1.2.2 Reflection Coefficient, Return Loss and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 1.2.3 Radiation Patterns 1.2.4 Directivity, Gain and Efficiency 1.2.5 1.2.6 Bandwidth and Resonant Frequency Linear Polarization, Circular Polarization and Axial Ratio 1.3 Basic CP Antenna Types 1.3.1 CP Microstrip Patch Antennas 1.3.2 CP Wire Antennas 1.3.3 Helix Antennas 1.3.4 Quadrifilar Helix Antennas and Printed Quadrifilar Helix Antennas 1.3.5 1.3.6 CP Dielectric Resonator Antennas 1.3.7 CP Slot Antennas 1.3.8 CP Horn Antennas 1.3.9 CP Arrays Spiral Antennas 1.4 Antenna Modelling Techniques 1.4.1 Analytical Methods 1.4.2 Full-Wave Methods Typical Requirements and Challenges in CP Antenna Designs Summary References 1.5 1.6 Small Circularly Polarized Antenna Introduction 2 2.1 2.2 Basic Theory of Antenna Size Reduction ix xi xiii 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 7 13 13 15 17 18 19 20 22 23 23 23 24 25 25 29 29 29

vi 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slot Loading Shapes of Slot Small CP Patch Antennas 2.3.1 Modified Shapes of Patch 2.3.2 2.3.3 High Permittivity Dielectric Material 2.3.4 Shorting Pins 2.3.5 Metamaterial 2.3.6 Multi-Feed 2.3.7 Other Small CP Patch Antennas Small Helix, QHAs and PQHAs 2.4.1 2.4.2 Small CP Slot Antennas 2.5.1 2.5.2 Monopole Slot Antennas 2.5.3 CPW Feed Small CP DRAs 2.6.1 Different Shapes 2.6.2 High Permittivity Dielectric Material Small Helix Antennas Small QHAs and PQHAs 2.7 Other Small CP Antennas 2.7.1 CP Double-Folded ILAs 2.7.2 Compact Printed Dipole Antennas 2.7.3 Summary References Small Multi-Feed CP DRA Antennas 2.8 Broadband Circularly Polarized Antennas Introduction 3 3.1 3.2 Broadband CP Microstrip Patch Antennas 3.2.1 Broadband Single-Feed CP Patch Antennas 3.2.2 Broadband Multi-Feed CP Patch Antennas 3.2.3 Other Broadband CP Patch Antennas 3.3 Broadband Helix, QHAs and PQHAs 3.3.1 Broadband Helix Antennas 3.3.2 Broadband PQHAs Spiral Antennas 3.4 3.5 Broadband CP Slot Antennas 3.5.1 Ring Slot with a Broadband Coupler 3.5.2 Circular/Square Slot with an L-Shaped Feed 3.5.3 Grounded Strip 3.5.4 3.5.5 Wide Slot with a Loading Patch 3.5.6 Other Broadband CP Slot Antennas Shorted Ring Slot 3.6 Broadband CP DRAs Single-Feed Stacked DRAs Single-Feed Notched DRAs 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 Multi-Feed DRAs with a Coupler Contents 30 30 33 37 38 40 43 44 46 47 48 53 53 54 56 59 60 61 63 63 64 64 66 69 73 73 73 73 83 91 93 93 94 103 106 106 107 109 111 112 115 116 116 117 118

Contents 3.6.4 Multi-Mode DRAs 3.6.5 Other Broadband CP DRAs 3.7 Broadband CP Loop Antennas 3.7.1 Parasitic Loop 3.7.2 Dual Loops in Series or Parallel 3.7.3 Dual Rhombic Loops with Parasitic Loops 3.8 Other Broadband CP Antennas 3.8.1 CP Antennas with Artificial Magnetic Conductors 3.8.2 Active CP Antennas 3.8.3 CP Antennas for 60-GHz Wireless Communications 3.8.4 CP Antennas with Reconfigurable Polarizations Summary References 3.9 Multi-Band Circularly Polarized Antennas Introduction 4 4.1 4.2 Multi-Band CP Microstrip Patch Antennas 4.2.1 Multi-Band Single-Feed CP Patch Antennas 4.2.2 Multi-Band Multi-Feed CP Patch Antennas 4.2.3 Other Multi-Band CP Patch Antennas 4.3 Multi-Band QHAs and PQHAs 4.3.1 Multi-Band QHAs 4.3.2 Multi-Band PQHAs 4.4 Multi-Band CP Slot Antennas 4.4.1 Dual-Monopole 4.4.2 L-Shaped Feed 4.4.3 Concentric Ring Slots 4.4.4 Uni-directional CP Slot Antennas 4.4.5 Other Multi-Band CP Slot Antennas 4.5 Multi-Band CP DRAs 4.5.1 DRA/Slot or DRA/Patch Hybrid Antennas 4.5.2 Excitation of Multiple Modes 4.6 Multi-Band CP Loop Antennas 4.6.1 Dual-Loop Antennas 4.6.2 Excitation of Dual Modes 4.7 Other Multi-Band CP Antennas 4.7.1 Hybrid Antennas 4.7.2 Rectennas 4.7.3 Dual-Band Dual-Sense CP Antennas 4.7.4 Frequency Reconfigurable CP Antennas Summary References 4.8 Circularly Polarized Arrays Introduction 5 5.1 5.2 CP Patch Antenna Arrays 5.2.1 Sequential Rotation vii 119 120 120 120 121 122 123 123 123 124 124 124 126 131 131 131 132 141 147 150 150 153 158 158 161 161 163 171 171 171 174 175 175 176 177 177 178 179 186 186 187 191 191 191 191

viii Contents 5.2.2 Broadband CP Patch Antenna Arrays 5.2.3 Multi-Band CP Patch Antenna Arrays 5.2.4 High-Efficiency CP Patch Arrays at the Ku Band and Above 5.3 CP Dielectric Resonator Antenna Arrays LP Element 5.3.1 5.3.2 CP Radiation Element 5.4 CP Slot Array Antenna 5.4.1 Printed Ring Slot CP Arrays 5.4.2 CP Slot Array with Metallic Reflector 5.4.3 CP Waveguide Slot Antenna Arrays 5.4.4 Radial Line Slot Antenna 5.5 CP Printed Reflectarrays 5.5.1 CP Feed 5.5.2 LP Feed 5.5.3 Multi-Band CP Printed Reflectarray Integrated CP Array and Active CP Array 5.6.1 5.6.2 CP Active Array Integrated CP Array 5.6 5.7 CP Array with Reconfigurable Beams 5.7.1 Beam-Switching CP Array using a Reconfigurable Feed Network 5.7.2 Beam-Switching CP Array using Butler Matrix Network 5.7.3 Beam-Switching Reflectarray using MEMS 5.7.4 Integrated Beam-Steering Array in LTCC 5.8 Other CP Arrays Travelling-Wave CP Arrays 5.8.1 Compact Sequentially Rotated CP Arrays 5.8.2 5.8.3 CPW-Fed CP Arrays 5.8.4 Omni-directional CP Antenna Arrays Summary References 5.9 Case Studies Introduction 6 6.1 6.2 Dual-Band CP Patch Array for GNSS Reflectometry Receiver on Board Small 6.3 Satellites Small Printed Quadrifilar Helix Antenna for Mobile Terminals in Satellite communications Printed Broadband CP Rectangular Bi-Loop Antenna for RFID Readers 6.4 6.5 CP Reflectarray for Ka Band Satellite Communications 6.6 Circularly Polarized Logarithmic Spiral Antenna with a Wideband Balun The Logarithmic Spiral Antenna 6.6.1 6.6.2 Design of a Wideband Balun 6.6.3 Summary References Logarithmic Spiral Antenna with Wideband Balun 6.7 Index 193 196 200 203 204 205 210 210 211 213 218 222 222 226 230 234 235 239 243 243 246 248 250 252 252 254 256 257 258 258 263 263 263 271 278 284 293 293 296 298 301 303 305

Preface Due to the features of circular polarization, circularly polarized antennas are very useful for various wireless systems such as satellite communications, global navigation satellite systems, mobile communications, wireless sensors, radio frequency identification, wire- less power transmission, wireless local area networks, wireless personal area networks, worldwide interoperability for microwave access and direct broadcasting service television reception systems. Recent decades have seen a lot of research and development activities in CP antennas from industries and institutes worldwide. There are very few books focusing on CP antenna design and principles. Thus, there is a need for a comprehensive book which presents basic principles and up-to-date developments of CP antennas and arrays. The purpose of this book is to present a comprehensive overview of various types of CP antennas and arrays, including the basic principles, design methods, size reduction tech- niques, broadband techniques, multi-band techniques, array design techniques and recent developments, as well as their applications and case studies. This book can be used as a reference book for graduate students, academics, researchers and antenna engineers. It includes up-to-date developments from industry and academic research experts worldwide, and numerous CP antenna design examples are illustrated. The book is organized into six chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the reader to basic concepts of antenna parameters and the principles of typical CP antennas. This will help readers who are not familiar with the antenna basics. Many different types of basic CP antennas includ- ing CP patch antennas, crossed dipoles, helix antennas, quadrifilar helix antennas, printed quadrifilar helix antennas, spiral antennas, slot antennas, dielectric resonator antennas, patch arrays and slot arrays are explained. Chapter 2 discusses various techniques for designing small-size CP antennas. Size reduc- tion of CP antennas is important for practical applications as mobile devices are getting smaller and having more functions. Design techniques of different types of small CP anten- nas are presented, and many design examples are illustrated. Chapter 3 introduces various types of broadband CP antennas and their design techniques. Broadband CP antennas are important for applications such as global navigation satellite system receivers, high-speed satellite data downlink, high-speed wireless communication, and so on. Design techniques of different types of broadband CP antennas are reviewed, discussed and compared. Chapter 4 presents the design techniques of multi-band CP antennas which are important for many applications such as satellite communications, global navigation satellite systems, radio frequency identification, wireless power transmission, wireless local area networks,

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