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Electric Machinery 7th/e fitzgerald.pdf

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    Cover Page
    Title Page
    Copyright Page
    Dedication
    About the Author
    BRIEF CONTENTS
    Table of Content
    Preface
    Chapter 1 Magnetic Circuits and Magnetic Materials
    1.1 Introduction to Magnetic Circuits
    1.2 Flux Linkage, Inductance, and Energy
    1.3 Properties of Magnetic Materials
    1.4 AC Excitation
    1.5 Permanent Magnets
    1.6 Application of Permanent-MagnetMaterials
    1.7 Summary
    1.8 Chapter 1 Variables
    1.9 Problems
    Chapter 2 Transformers
    2.1 Introduction to Transformers
    2.2 No-Load Conditions
    2.3 Effect of Secondary Current; Ideal Transformer
    2.4 Transformer Reactances and Equivalent Circuits
    2.5 Engineering Aspects of Transformer Analysis
    2.6 Autotransformers; Multiwinding Transformers
    2.7 Transformers in Three-Phase Circuits
    2.8 Voltage and Current Transformers
    2.9 The Per-Unit System
    2.10 Summary
    2.11 Chapter 2 Variables
    2.12 Problems
    Chapter 3 Electromechanical-Energy-Conversion Principles
    3.1 Forces and Torques in Magnetic-Field Systems
    3.2 Energy Balance and the Energy Method
    3.3 Energy in Singly Excited Magnetic-Field Systems
    3.4 Determination of Magnetic Force and Torque from Energy
    3.5 Determination of Magnetic Force and Torque from Coenergy
    3.6 Multiply Excited Magnetic-Field Systems
    3.7 Forces and Torques in Systems with Permanent Magnets
    3.8 Dynamic Equations
    3.9 Analytical Techniques
    3.10 Summary
    3.11 Chapter 3 Variables
    3.12 Problems
    Chapter 4 Introduction to Rotating Machines
    4.1 Elementary Concepts
    4.2 Introduction to AC and DC Machines
    4.3 MMF of Distributed Windings
    4.4 Magnetic Fields in Rotating Machinery
    4.5 Rotating MMF Waves in AC Machines
    4.6 Generated Voltage
    4.7 Torque in Non-Salient-Pole Machines
    4.8 Linear Machines
    4.9 Magnetic Saturation
    4.10 Leakage Flux
    4.11 Summary
    4.12 Chapter 4 Variables
    4.13 Problems
    Chapter 5 Synchronous Machines
    5.1 Introduction to Polyphase Synchronous Machines
    5.2 Synchronous-Machine Inductances; Equivalent Circuits
    5.3 Open- and Short-Circuit Characteristics
    5.4 Steady-State Power-Angle Characteristics
    5.5 Steady-State Operating Characteristics
    5.6 Effects of Salient Poles; Introduction to Direct-and Quadrature-Axis Theory
    5.7 Power-Angle Characteristics of Salient-Pole Machines
    5.8 Permanent-Magnet AC Machines
    5.9 Summary
    5.10 Chapter 5 Variables
    5.11 Problems
    Chapter 6 Polyphase Induction Machines
    6.1 Introduction to Polyphase Induction Machines
    6.2 Currents and Fluxes in Polyphase Induction Machines
    6.3 Induction-Motor Equivalent Circuit
    6.4 Analysis of the Equivalent Circuit
    6.5 Torque and Power by Use of Thevenin’s Theorem
    6.6 Parameter Determination from No-Load and Blocked-Rotor Tests
    6.7 Effects of Rotor Resistance; Wound and Double-Squirrel-Cage Rotors
    6.8 Summary
    6.9 Chapter 6 Variables
    6.10 Problems
    Chapter 7 DC Machines
    7.1 Introduction
    7.2 Commutator Action
    7.3 Analytical Fundamentals: Electric-Circuit Aspects
    7.4 Effect of Armature MMF
    7.5 Analytical Fundamentals: Magnetic-Circuit Aspects
    7.6 Steady-State DC Machine Performance
    7.7 Permanent-Magnet DC Machines
    7.8 Commutation and Interpoles
    7.9 Compensating Windings
    7.10 Series Universal Motors
    7.11 Summary
    7.12 Chapter 7 Variables
    7.13 Problems
    Chapter 8 Variable-Reluctance Machines and Stepping Motors
    8.1 Basics of VRM Analysis
    8.2 Practical VRM Configurations
    8.3 CurrentWaveforms for Torque Production
    8.4 Nonlinear Analysis
    8.5 Stepping Motors
    8.6 Summary
    8.7 Chapter 8 Variables
    8.8 Problems
    Chapter 9 Single-and Two-Phase Motors
    9.1 Single-Phase Induction Motors: Qualitative Examination
    9.2 Starting and Running Performance of Single-Phase Induction and Synchronous Motors
    9.3 Revolving-Field Theory of Single-Phase Induction Motors
    9.4 Two-Phase Induction Motors
    9.5 Summary
    9.6 Chapter 9 Variables
    9.7 Problems
    Chapter 10 Speed and Torque Control
    10.1 Control of DC Motors
    10.2 Control of Synchronous Motors
    10.3 Control of Induction Motors
    10.4 Control of Variable-Reluctance Motors
    10.5 Summary
    10.6 Chapter 10 Variables
    10.7 References
    10.8 Problems
    Appendix A Three-Phase Circuits
    A.1 Generation of Three-Phase Voltages
    A.2 Three-Phase Voltages, Currents, and Power
    A.3 Y- and -Connected Circuits
    A.4 Analysis of Balanced Three-Phase Circuits; Single-Line Diagrams
    A.5 Appendix A Variables
    Appendix B Voltages, Magnetic Fields, and Inductances of Distributed AC Windings
    B.1 Generated Voltages
    B.2 Armature MMF Waves
    B.3 Air-Gap Inductances of Distributed Windings
    B.4 Appendix B Variables
    Appendix C The dq0 Transformation
    C.1 Transformation to Direct- and Quadrature-Axis Variables
    C.2 Basic Synchronous-Machine Relations in dq0 Variables
    C.3 Basic Induction-Machine Relations in dq0 Variables
    C.4 Appendix C Variables
    Appendix D Engineering Aspects of Practical Electric Machine Performance and Operation
    D.1 Losses
    D.2 Rating and Heating
    D.3 Cooling Means for Electric Machines
    D.4 Excitation
    D.5 Energy Efficiency of Electric Machinery
    Appendix E Table of Constants and Conversion Factors for SI Units
    Index
    Back Cover
    Fitzgerald & Kingsley’s ElEctric MachinEry Tis seventh edition of ELECTRIC MACHINERY was developed recognizing that the strength of this classic textbook since the first edition has been its emphasis on build- ing an understanding of the fundamental physical principles underlying the performance of electric machines. Much has changed over the years since the publication of the first edition due to the development of new grades of electrical steel, new insulation materi- als, superior permanent-magnet materials, the introduction of power-electronic drives and controls, and the widespread availability of computers and numerical sofware which greatly increases the capability to apply analytical techniques to the analysis of electric machines. Yet the basic physical principles remain the same and this seventh edition is intended to retain the focus on these principles in the context of today’s technology. KEY fEATuREs of THIs REvIsIoN ARE: •   Te presentation of all material in the book has been carefully reviewed and revised and/ or expanded as needed for additional clarity. One such example is the expanded treatment of permanent-magnet ac machines in Chapter 5. Similarly, the dc-machine presentation of Chapter 7 has been reorganized for added clarity. •   Numerous new examples have been added to this edition, bringing the total number of examples in the book to over 110. In addition some of the examples from the previous edition have been revised. •    Tis edition includes many new end-of-chapter problems. •    Although not a requirement for adoption of this edition, the use of MATLAB has been considerably expanded in examples, in practice problems, and in end-of-chapter problems. •    New to this edition is a list of variables and their definitions which have been included at the end of each chapter. •    Te seventh edition introduces some simple examples of electric-machinery dynamics and includes several MATLAB/Simulink examples and problems. •   New and updated photos are included throughout the book. Instructor and student resources are posted on the website. Check it out! Visit www.mhhe.com/umans7e. Seventh Edition E l E c t r i c M a c h n E r y i F i t z g e r a l d & K i n g s l e y ’ s TM Stephen D. Umans umans Seventh Edition M D D A L I M # 1 2 2 1 8 3 1 0 1 / 0 2 / 1 3 C Y A N M A G Y E L O B L K
    Umans-3930269 uma80466˙fm December 20, 2012 9:14 FITZGERALD & KINGSLEY’S Electric Machinery Seventh Edition Stephen D. Umans Independent Consultant Formerly Principle Research Engineer and Lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and the Electromechanical Systems Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
    Umans-3930269 uma80466˙fm December 20, 2012 9:14 FITZGERALD & KINGSLEY’S ELECTRIC MACHINERY, SEVENTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright c 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions c 2003, 1990 and 1983. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 ISBN 978-0-07-338046-9 MHID 0-07-338046-6 Senior Vice President, Products & Markets: Kurt L. Strand Vice President & General Manager: Marty Lange Vice President, Content Production & Technology Services: Kimberly Meriwether David Global Publisher: Raghothaman Srinivasan Marketing Manager: Curt Reynolds Development Editor: Vincent Bradshaw Director, Content Production: Terri Schiesl Project Manager: Erin Melloy Buyer: Nichole Birkenholz Media Project Manager: Prashanthi Nadipalli Photo Research: Erin Melloy Cover Designer: Studio Montage, St. Louis, MO Cover Image: Photo courtesy of Siemens All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Umans, Stephen D. Fitzgerald & Kingsley’s electric machinery / Stephen D. Umans. – 7th ed. p. cm. Revised ed. of: Electric machinery / A.E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley, Jr., Stephen D. Umans, 6th ed., 2003. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-07-338046-9 1. Electric machinery. I. Fitzgerald, A. E. (Arthur Eugene), 1909- Electric machinery. II. Title. TK2181.F5 2014 621.31’042–dc23 MATLAB® and Simulink® are trademarks of The MathWorks, Inc. www.mhhe.com 2012044943
    Umans-3930269 uma80466˙fm December 20, 2012 9:14 This edition of Electric Machinery is dedicated to Professor Gerald Wilson, my teacher, mentor and dear friend.
    Umans-3930269 uma80466˙fm December 20, 2012 9:14 ABOUT THE AUTHOR Stephen D. Umans is a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, from which he received the S.B., S.M., E.E., and Sc.D. degrees, all in electrical en- gineering. He is currently engaged as an independent consultant, having previously held the position of Principal Research Engineer in the MIT Electromechanical Sys- tems Laboratory and lecturer in the MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. He is a member of the US National Academy of Engineering, a Fellow of the IEEE and a recipient of the Cyril Veinott Electromechanical Energy Conversion Award from the IEEE Power Engineering Society. iv
    Umans-3930269 uma80466˙fm December 20, 2012 9:14 BRIEF CONTENTS Preface ix 1 Magnetic Circuits and Magnetic Materials 1 2 Transformers 63 3 Electromechanical-Energy-Conversion Principles 122 4 Introduction to Rotating Machines 190 5 Synchronous Machines 262 6 Polyphase Induction Machines 344 7 DC Machines 403 8 Variable-Reluctance Machines and Stepping Motors 460 9 Single- and Two-Phase Motors 510 10 Speed and Torque Control 553 Appendix A Three-Phase Circuits 635 Appendix B Voltages, Magnetic Fields, and Inductances of Distributed AC Windings 651 Appendix C The dq0 Transformation 664 Appendix D Engineering Aspects of Practical Electric Machine Performance and Operation 676 Appendix E Table of Constants and Conversion Factors for SI Units 688 Index 689 v
    Umans-3930269 uma80466˙fm December 20, 2012 9:14 CONTENTS Preface ix 2.11 Chapter 2 Variables 2.12 Problems 112 110 Chapter 1 Magnetic Circuits and Magnetic Materials 1 1.1 Introduction to Magnetic Circuits 2 1.2 Flux Linkage, Inductance, and Energy 11 1.3 Properties of Magnetic Materials 1.4 AC Excitation 22 1.5 Permanent Magnets 1.6 Application of Permanent-Magnet 29 19 Materials 34 1.7 Summary 45 1.8 Chapter 1 Variables 46 1.9 Problems 47 Chapter 2 Transformers 63 2.1 Introduction to Transformers 63 2.2 No-Load Conditions 65 2.3 Effect of Secondary Current; Ideal Transformer 70 2.4 Transformer Reactances and Equivalent Circuits 74 2.5 Engineering Aspects of Transformer Analysis 78 2.6 Autotransformers; Multiwinding Transformers 87 2.7 Transformers in Three-Phase Circuits 2.8 Voltage and Current Transformers 96 2.9 The Per-Unit System 101 2.10 Summary 109 91 vi Chapter 3 Electromechanical- Energy-Conversion Principles 122 3.1 Forces and Torques in Magnetic-Field Systems 123 3.2 Energy Balance and the Energy Method 3.3 Energy in Singly Excited Magnetic-Field Systems 129 126 3.4 Determination of Magnetic Force and Torque from Energy 133 3.5 Determination of Magnetic Force 139 3.6 Multiply Excited Magnetic-Field and Torque from Coenergy Systems 146 3.7 Forces and Torques in Systems 152 with Permanent Magnets 161 3.8 Dynamic Equations 3.9 Analytical Techniques 3.10 Summary 3.11 Chapter 3 Variables 3.12 Problems 173 171 165 172 Chapter 4 Introduction to Rotating Machines 190 4.1 Elementary Concepts 4.2 Introduction to AC and DC Machines 4.3 MMF of Distributed Windings 202 4.4 Magnetic Fields in Rotating Machinery 4.5 Rotating MMF Waves in AC Machines 190 193 212 216
    Umans-3930269 uma80466˙fm December 20, 2012 9:14 241 223 4.6 Generated Voltage 4.7 Torque in Non-Salient-Pole Machines 4.8 Linear Machines 4.9 Magnetic Saturation 4.10 Leakage Flux 247 4.11 Summary 4.12 Chapter 4 Variables 251 4.13 Problems 244 249 252 Contents vii 6.6 Parameter Determination from No-Load and 229 Blocked-Rotor Tests 370 6.7 Effects of Rotor Resistance; Wound and Double-Squirrel-Cage Rotors 381 388 6.8 Summary 6.9 Chapter 6 Variables 6.10 Problems 390 389 Chapter 5 Synchronous Machines 262 5.1 Introduction to Polyphase Synchronous Machines 262 5.2 Synchronous-Machine Inductances; Equivalent Circuits 265 5.3 Open- and Short-Circuit Characteristics 5.4 Steady-State Power-Angle 274 Characteristics 284 5.5 Steady-State Operating Characteristics 5.6 Effects of Salient Poles; Introduction to 293 Direct- and Quadrature-Axis Theory 306 5.7 Power-Angle Characteristics of Salient-Pole Machines 312 5.8 Permanent-Magnet AC Machines 5.9 Summary 5.10 Chapter 5 Variables 331 5.11 Problems 330 332 319 Chapter 6 Polyphase Induction Machines 344 6.1 Introduction to Polyphase Induction Machines 344 6.2 Currents and Fluxes in Polyphase Induction Machines 348 Induction-Motor Equivalent Circuit 6.3 6.4 Analysis of the Equivalent Circuit 355 6.5 Torque and Power by Use of Thevenin’s 351 Theorem 360 Chapter 7 DC Machines 403 7.1 7.2 Commutator Action 7.3 Analytical Fundamentals: Electric-Circuit Introduction 411 403 Aspects 413 7.4 Effect of Armature MMF 417 7.5 Analytical Fundamentals: Magnetic-Circuit Aspects 420 428 7.6 Steady-State DC Machine Performance 7.7 Permanent-Magnet DC Machines 436 7.8 Commutation and Interpoles 442 7.9 Compensating Windings 7.10 Series Universal Motors 7.11 Summary 7.12 Chapter 7 Variables 7.13 Problems 444 446 447 448 450 Chapter 8 Variable-Reluctance Machines and Stepping Motors 460 8.1 Basics of VRM Analysis 461 8.2 Practical VRM Configurations 8.3 Current Waveforms for Torque Production 474 8.4 Nonlinear Analysis 8.5 Stepping Motors 8.6 Summary 503 8.7 Chapter 8 Variables 8.8 Problems 468 505 487 495 505
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