Academic writing. A handbook for international students.pdf

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Cover

Title Page

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements

Introduction for Teachers

Introduction for Students

Academic Writing Quiz

Part 1 The Writing Process

1.1 Background to Writing

The purpose of academic writing

Common types of academic writing

The format of long and short writing tasks

The features of academic writing

Some other common text features

Simple and longer sentences

Writing in paragraphs

1.2 Reading: Finding Suitable Sources

Academic texts

Types of text

Using reading lists

Using library catalogues

Using library websites to search electronic resources

1.3 Reading: Developing Critical Approaches

Reading methods

Titles, sub-titles and text features

Reading abstracts

Fact and opinion

Assessing internet sources critically

Critical thinking

1.4 Avoiding Plagiarism

What is plagiarism?

Acknowledging sources

Degrees of plagiarism

Avoiding plagiarism by summarising and paraphrasing

Avoiding plagiarism by developing good study habits

Research

1.5 From Understanding Titles to Planning

The planning process

Analysing essay titles

Brainstorming

Essay length

Outlines

1.6 Finding Key Points and Note-making

Finding key points

Finding relevant points

Why make notes?

Note-making methods

Effective note-making

1.7 Summarising and Paraphrasing

What makes a good summary?

Stages of summarising

Paraphrasing

Techniques for paraphrasing

1.8 References and Quotations

Why use references?

Citations and references

Reference verbs

Reference systems

Using quotations

Abbreviations in citations

Secondary references

Organising the list of references

1.9 Combining Sources

Mentioning sources

Taking a critical approach

Combining three sources

1.10 Organising Paragraphs

Paragraph structure

Example paragraph

Development of ideas

Introducing paragraphs and linking them together

1.11 Introductions and Conclusions

Introduction contents

Introduction structure

Opening sentences

Conclusions

1.12 Rewriting and Proofreading

Rewriting

Proofreading

Part 2 Elements of Writing

2.1 Argument and Discussion

Discussion vocabulary

Organisation

The language of discussion

Counterarguments

Providing evidence

2.2 Cause and Effect

The language of cause and effect

2.3 Cohesion

Reference words

Preventing confusion

2.4 Comparisons

Comparison structures

Forms of comparison

Using superlatives (e.g. the largest/smallest)

2.5 Definite Articles

Use of articles

Using definite articles

2.6 Definitions

Simple definitions

Complex definitions

2.7 Examples

Using examples

Phrases to introduce examples

Restatement

2.8 Generalisations

Using generalisations

Structure

Building on generalisations

2.9 Passives

Active and passive

Structure

Using adverbs

2.10 Problems and Solutions

Paragraph structure

Alternative structure

Vocabulary

2.11 Punctuation

Capital letters

Apostrophes (’)

Semicolons (;)

Colons (:)

Commas (,)

Quotation marks/inverted commas (“. . .”/‘. . .’)

Full stops (.)

Others

2.12 Singular or Plural?

Five areas of difficulty

Group phrases

Uncountable nouns

2.13 Style

Components of academic style

Guidelines

Avoiding repetition and redundancy

Varying sentence length

The use of caution

Using modifiers

2.14 Visual Information

Types of visuals

The language of change

Describing visuals

Labelling

Part 3 Vocabulary for Writing

3.1 Approaches to Vocabulary

Introduction

Discussing language

Practice

Confusing pairs

Words and phrases from other languages

3.2 Abbreviations

Types of abbreviation

Some common abbreviations

Punctuation

Duplicate abbreviations

Abbreviations in writing

3.3 Academic Vocabulary: Nouns and Adjectives

Introduction

Nouns

Using nouns and adjectives

Academic adjectives

3.4 Academic Vocabulary: Adverbs and Verbs

Understanding main verbs

Using verbs of reference

Further referring verbs

Using adverbs

3.5 Conjunctions

Types of conjunctions

Common conjunctions

Conjunctions of opposition

3.6 Numbers

The language of numbers

Percentages

Simplification

Further numerical phrases

3.7 Prefixes and Suffixes

How prefixes and suffixes work

Prefixes

Suffixes

3.8 Prepositions

Using prepositions

Prepositions and nouns

Prepositions in phrases

Prepositions of place and time

Verbs and prepositions

3.9 Synonyms

How synonyms work

Common synonyms in academic writing

3.10 Time Markers

How time markers are used

Tenses

Part 4 Writing Models

4.1 Case Studies

Using case studies

Model case study

4.2 Literature Reviews and Book Reviews

Literature reviews

Example literature review

Book reviews

Model book review

4.3 Writing Longer Essays

Planning your work

Example essay

Revision

4.4 Reports

Writing reports

Essays and reports

Scientific reports

4.5 Surveys

Conducting surveys

Questionnaire design

Survey language

Question forms

Tenses

Test Your Progress

Glossary

Answers

Index

Academic Writing Most international students need to write essays and reports for exams and coursework, but writing good academic English is one of the most demanding tasks students face. This new, fourth edition of Academic Writing: A Handbook for International Students has been completely revised to help students reach this goal. The four main parts of Academic Writing are: The Writing Process Elements of Writing Vocabulary for Writing Writing Models Each part is divided into short units that contain examples, explanations and exercises, for use in the classroom or for self-study. The units are clearly organised to allow teachers and students to ﬁnd the help they need with writing tasks, while cross-referencing allows easy access to relevant sections. In the ﬁrst part, each stage of the writing process is demonstrated and practised, from selecting suitable sources, reading, note-making and planning through to rewriting and proofreading. The fourth edition of this popular book builds on the success of the earlier editions, and has a special focus on the vital topic of academic vocabulary in Part 3, ‘Vocabulary for Writing’. Part 3 deals with areas such as nouns and adjectives, adverbs and verbs, synonyms, preﬁxes and prepositions, in an academic context. More key features of the book include: Full range of practice exercises, with answer key included All elements of writing are clearly explained, with a full glossary for reference Models provided for all types of academic texts: essays, reports, reviews and case studies Use of authentic academic texts A companion website offers further practice with a range of additional exercises Fully updated, with sections on ﬁnding electronic sources and evaluating Internet material All international students wanting to maximise their academic potential will ﬁnd this practical and easy-to-use book an invaluable guide to writing in English for their degree courses. Stephen Bailey is a freelance writer of materials for English for Academic Purposes. He has taught students in Barcelona, Tokyo, Johor Bahru and Prague, and more recently at Derby University and the University of Nottingham. His other books include Academic Writing for International Students of Business (Routledge).

International students have many adjustments to make as they enter British universities and Stephen’s book makes at least one area of their lives – academic study – much more approach - able. With its straightforward approach and improved layout, it will be a book many students will come to regard as an essential companion to their university lives. Stephen Dewhirst, Freelance EAP teacher, UK International students and indeed all students should ﬁnd this book very helpful. It is accessible to read and engages in an explicit and sharply focused manner with many elements of the critical use of reading, of writing and of studying. The book usefully explains, exempliﬁes, and tests understanding. It deals with the problematic areas of plagiarism and grammatical work, of developing argument and counter argument, and essay expression. It should be very useful for international students engaged in academic writing. Professor Gina Wisker, University of Brighton, UK Stephen Bailey's Academic Writing is one of the few academic writing books that deal with core areas effectively - language, text type, academic conventions and the writing process. This is done by giving simple explanations, authentic examples and useful practice opportunities which can either be done in class or as self study. The book appeals to a range of levels including pre and in sessional students and equips them with a range of the key language and skills needed to embark on academic writing in higher education. Fiona Gilbert, Oxford Brookes University, UK This book provides international students with a useful introduction to the basic practices in reading and writing for academic purposes. It includes topics such as the typical content of article abstracts, the mechanics of citation and referencing, and some uses of sources in writing – topics that will help international students, studying in an English medium university for the ﬁrst time, to meet their tutors’ expectations in reading and writing assignments. The chapter on reading advises a critical attitude to internet resources, advice most relevant to students today. Antonia Chandrasegaran, National Institute of Education, Singapore

Academic Writing A Handbook for International Students Fourth edition Stephen Bailey

Fourth edition published 2015 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2015 Stephen Bailey The right of Stephen Bailey to be identiﬁed as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identiﬁcation and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Routledge 2003 Third edition published by Routledge 2011 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Bailey, Stephen, 1947– Academic writing: a handbook for international students/Stephen Bailey. – Fourth edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. English language – Rhetoric – Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. English language – Textbooks for foreign speakers. 3. Academic writing – Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. PE1413.B28 2015 808⬘.0428 – dc23 2014012537 ISBN: 978-1-138-77849-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-77850-4 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-76896-0 (ebk) Typeset in Galliard by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon, UK Additional materials are available on the companion website at www.routledge.com/cw/bailey

Contents Acknowledgements Introduction for Teachers Introduction for Students Academic Writing Quiz Part 1 The Writing Process 1.1 Background to Writing The purpose of academic writing Common types of academic writing The format of long and short writing tasks The features of academic writing Some other common text features Simple and longer sentences Writing in paragraphs 1.2 Reading: Finding Suitable Sources Academic texts Types of text Using reading lists Using library catalogues Using library websites to search electronic resources 1.3 Reading: Developing Critical Approaches Reading methods Titles, sub-titles and text features Reading abstracts xii xiii xv xvii 1 3 3 4 4 6 6 7 8 9 9 12 12 13 14 16 16 17 18

vi Contents Fact and opinion Assessing internet sources critically Critical thinking 1.4 Avoiding Plagiarism What is plagiarism? Acknowledging sources Degrees of plagiarism Avoiding plagiarism by summarising and paraphrasing Avoiding plagiarism by developing good study habits Research 1.5 From Understanding Titles to Planning The planning process Analysing essay titles Brainstorming Essay length Outlines 1.6 Finding Key Points and Note-making Finding key points Finding relevant points Why make notes? Note-making methods Effective note-making 1.7 Summarising and Paraphrasing What makes a good summary? Stages of summarising Paraphrasing Techniques for paraphrasing 1.8 References and Quotations Why use references? Citations and references Reference verbs Reference systems Using quotations Abbreviations in citations Secondary references Organising the list of references 19 19 22 25 25 26 26 27 29 30 31 31 32 33 34 35 36 36 37 38 39 40 42 42 43 47 49 52 52 53 53 54 55 57 57 58

1.9 Combining Sources Mentioning sources Taking a critical approach Combining three sources 1.10 Organising Paragraphs Paragraph structure Example paragraph Development of ideas Introducing paragraphs and linking them together 1.11 Introductions and Conclusions Introduction contents Introduction structure Opening sentences Conclusions 1.12 Rewriting and Proofreading Rewriting Proofreading Part 2 Elements of Writing 2.1 Argument and Discussion Discussion vocabulary Organisation The language of discussion Counterarguments Providing evidence 2.2 Cause and Effect The language of cause and effect 2.3 Cohesion Reference words Preventing confusion 2.4 Comparisons Comparison structures Forms of comparison Using superlatives (e.g. the largest/smallest) Contents vii 61 61 62 64 67 67 67 69 70 72 72 73 76 76 78 78 81 83 85 85 86 88 88 89 91 91 96 96 97 100 100 102 102

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