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User Manual The Vienna 5G System Level Simulator Institute of Telecommunications, TU Wien Authors Martin M¨uller, Fjolla Ademaj, Agnes Fastenbauer, Thomas Dittrich, Blanca Ramos Elbal, Armand Nabavi, Lukas Nagel, Stefan Schwarz and Markus Rupp Vienna, October 4, 2018 VCCS

Institute of Telecommunications, TU Wien Gusshaussstrasse 25/389 A-1040 Vienna Austria web: http://www.nt.tuwien.ac.at/ The Vienna 5G System Level Simulator is part of the Vienna Cellular Communications Simulators (VCCS) software suite. The simulator is currently available under a non-commercial, academic use license. For download and license information of the simulator, please refer to our license agreement. VCCS

Contents 1 Introduction 2 Quick Start 3 Simulation Methodology II 1 3 4 4 Predeﬁned Scenarios 6 4.1 Customization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.2 Predeﬁned Launchers and Scenario ﬁles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.2.1 Hexagonal grid with interference ring . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.2.2 PPP distributed BSs with interference region . . . . . 8 4.2.3 Mobility and multiple chunks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.2.4 Multi-tier and multi-user heterogeneous network . . . . 11 4.2.5 Manhattan city layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.2.6 IoT with clustered nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.2.7 Lite version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Simulation of several chunks in parallel . . . . . . . . . 19 4.2.8 5 Comparison to LTE-A SL Simulator 20 6 Simulator Structure 23 6.1 A Typical Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 6.2 The Simulator Time Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 6.3 The Main Simulation Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 7 Overview of Key Functionalities 29 7.1 Generation of Network Elements and Geometry . . . . . . . . 29 7.1.1 Base Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 7.1.2 Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 31 7.1.3 Blockages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.4 Cell association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Interference Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 7.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . 34 7.2.1 Link Quality Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 7.2.2 Link Performance Model 7.3 Simulation of Propagation Eﬀects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 7.2 Link Quality and Link Performance Model 7.3.1 Path Loss Modeling and Situation dependent Model Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 7.3.2 Modeling of Shadow Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 7.3.3 Modeling of Small Scale Fading - Channel Models . . . 37

III 7.4 Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 7.5 Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7.6 Parallelization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 7.7 Lite Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 41 7.8 Post Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 1 Introduction In cellular communications, simulations are an inevitable tool for understand- ing the mutual interactions of all involved players in the network. Especially for gaining insight in the performance of a large-scale scenario, a real-world measurement approach becomes too costly and laborious. Therefore, system level simulators were developed along with the standardization process of the current mobile communications standard Long Term Evolution (LTE). Our research group originally started oﬀ in 2009 with a freely-available LTE link-level simulator and supplemented it with an LTE system-level simulator. These simulators received quite some attention and kept growing over time, adding more features as research and standardization evolved further. Thanks to the open-source nature of our simulators and the vivid exchange between developers and active users via an online forum, the Vienna LTE simulators have been downloaded more than 50 000 times in total. Following the ongoing discussion about the the 5th generation of mobile networks (5G) we have introduced new 5G simulators to remain at the forefront of the latest developments. We again follow the approach to split this project in a link-level and a system-level simulator. The scope of this user manual is to give an overview of the capabilities and the general purpose of the Vienna 5G System Level (SL) Simulator, introduce its structure and describe the key features and their implementation details. With the addition of the 5G System Level Simulator to the family of the Vienna Cellular Communications Simulators (VCCS), we tackle the need for simulating large scale networks, capturing the change in network layouts and physical transmission, coming up with the expected 5G standard. While the 5G standard has not yet been fully speciﬁed as of this writing, it is commonly agreed upon that future networks will become more heterogeneous. Therefore, our simulator allows to create networks of arbitrary layout with several tiers of Base Stations (BSs) and various user types in the same simulation. The implementation is done in MATLAB and uses Object Oriented Programming (OOP). In general we made sure that the code structure is easy to expand, also with respect to the unknown prerequisites from the upcoming 5G standard. Due to the abstract structure of the code, we also provide backwards compatibility to our LTE system level simulator (if not in the full extent of all available options). The usage of parallel computing is also supported by our simulator, since individual simulation chunks are deﬁned after an initial pregeneration step. Our simulator performs Monte-Carlo simulations in order to achieve an average network performance. Therefore, we average over many spatial constellations and channel realizations and thus obtain results for average

2 throughput per user/BS, average Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) performance and ratio of successful transmissions. To determine the quality of each individual link, the instantaneous SINR is evaluated. For each transmission, the received power of all transmitters (desired and interfering) is calculated by combining distance dependent path loss, channel realization, antenna pattern and shadowing. It is possible to choose from several models and options for each of these individual propagation eﬀects. Additionally, this is not a static choice that is set for the whole simulation, but is chosen dependent on the link conditions (e.g., Line-Of- Sight (LOS)/Non Line of Sight (NLOS)). These link-types can again be distinguished by diﬀerent means. To stay with the LOS example, options are, e.g., to use pregenerated spatially correlated maps or to ﬁnd obstruction of the transmission link from explicitly placed blockages in the scenario (a more explicit description can be found in Section 7.3). Since the complexity of a simulation increases rapidly with the considered network size and the resulting large number of individual network elements, we perform an abstraction step for the actual transmission. Therefore, per- formance curves from the 5G link level (LL) Simulator are used for an SINR to Bit Error Ratio (BER) mapping to assess the success of each individual transmission, without the need to simulate all aspects of the Physical (PHY) channel. The current version of our 5G System Level Simulator supports heteroge- neous networks with an arbitrary number of BS tiers and user types, including mobile users. Thanks to the construction of the BSs objects with attached antenna objects, BSs with Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) and Distributed Antennas Systems (DASs) are available for simulations. Regarding the net- work geometry, not only BSs and users can be placed, but also 3-D blockages, resembling walls and buildings. Consequently, randomly generated cities can be created, such as a Manhattan grid layout or randomly placed buildings with arbitrary orientation. The new transmission features of 5G, such as mmWave and massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) are represented in our simulator by the corresponding channel channel model for the right frequency range.

3 2 Quick Start This quick start guide explains how to run the Vienna 5G SL Simulator for the ﬁrst time. 1. Switch to the simulator’s root directory. Make sure the ﬁle simulate.m is present in your current working directory. 2. Open one of the scripts in launcherFiles. For illustration, let’s consider one of the predeﬁned launchers, launcherFiles.launcherExample.m 3. In this launcher ﬁle, the scenario to be used is speciﬁed: 1 2 % select s c e n a r i o result = s i m u l a t e (@ s c e n a r i o s . basicScenario , p a r a m e t e r s . setting . S i m u l a t i o n T y p e . local ) ; 4. Simulations are deﬁned by their scenario ﬁles. In the folder +scenarios we ﬁnd basicScenario.m which contains all the parameters that are needed to perform a simulation. To run your own simulation you can adapt this or one of the other scenarios to your needs or create your own scenario ﬁle. To start the simulation, replace basicScenario in step 3 with your chosen scenario. More information about scenarios can be found in Section 4. 5. In case you want to make use of multiple processor cores and paral- lelize the simulation, you can use SimulationType.parallel instead of SimulationType.local in step 3 (cf. Section 7.6). 6. After specifying the scenario to simulate, the results will be saved into the variable result. Various plotting functions can be called, depending on the postprocessor class speciﬁed in the scenario ﬁle (see Section 7.8 for more details). 1 2 % plots the SINR ECDF of all user SINRs result . s h o w A l l P l o t s ; 7. Run the script launcherFiles/example.m. Various results are plotted when the simulation is ﬁnished.

4 3 Simulation Methodology The Vienna 5G SL Simulator allows to investigate the performance of future large scale wireless networks. It is implemented in an abstract fashion by using OOP. The performance evaluation is done through Monte-Carlo simulations with a large number of randomly sampled realizations of a scenario that is generated according to the parameters speciﬁed prior to the simulation. A detailed description of the simulator can be found in Section 6. The individual link quality is determined according to the geometry and the resulting relative position of receiver and transmitter as well as several propagation eﬀects. The received power of all links is then combined in a SINR value, which is used later on in the actual transmission function (cf. Section 7.2). An arbitrary number of BS and user types can be deﬁned and placed according to a predeﬁned placement function (cf. Section 7.1). The simulator provides several options, such as the classical hex-grid or random placement according to a Poisson Point Process (PPP). The propagation eﬀects that largely inﬂuence the quality of the transmis- sion are split into diﬀerent functions the appropriate options and models can be chosen independently per scenario and BS and user type. In our simulator, we provide the following options: Individual transmission power for diﬀerent tiers Antenna patterns Large scale path loss (including distinction between diﬀerent link condi- tions) (cf. Section 7.3.1) Shadowing (blockages are modeled explicitly or implicitly) (cf. Sec- tions 7.1.3 and 7.3.2) Small scale fading in terms of channel models Section 7.3.3 The Multiple Access Channel (MAC) layer is represented by the scheduler function and by applying Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC). It utilizes the previously calculated SINR of the active links to determine the resource allocation and appropriate Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) for transmission (cf. Section 7.4). In order to limit the complexity, the actual transmission is abstracted and several steps in the transmitter chain (e.g., coding or modulation) and receiver chain (e.g., decoding and demapping) are combined in two functions, namely the Link Quality Model (LQM) and the Link Performance Model (LPM). A

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