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Introductory Quantum Optics 剑桥.pdf

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    Cover
    Half-title
    Title
    Copyright
    Dedication
    Contents
    Acknowledgements
    Chapter 1 Introduction
    1.1 Scope and aims of this book
    1.2 History
    1.3 The contents of this book
    References
    Suggestions for further reading
    Chapter 2 Field quantization
    2.1 Quantization of a single-mode field
    2.2 Quantum fluctuations of a single-mode field
    2.3 Quadrature operators for a single-mode field
    2.4 Multimode fields
    2.5 Thermal fields
    2.6 Vacuum fluctuations and the zero-point energy
    2.7 The quantum phase
    Problems
    References
    Bibliography
    Quantum mechanics
    Field theory
    Chapter 3 Coherent states
    3.1 Eigenstates of the annihilation operator and minimum uncertainty states
    3.2 Displaced vacuum states
    3.3 Wave packets and time evolution
    3.4 Generation of coherent states
    3.5 More on the properties of coherent states
    3.6 Phase-space pictures of coherent states
    3.7 Density operators and phase-space probability distributions
    3.8 Characteristic functions
    Problems
    References
    Bibliography
    Coherent states
    Quasi-probability distributions
    Quantum-state tomography
    Chapter 4 Emission and absorption of radiation by atoms
    4.1 Atom–field interactions
    4.2 Interaction of an atom with a classical field
    4.3 Interaction of an atom with a quantized field
    4.4 The Rabi model
    4.5 Fully quantum-mechanical model; the Jaynes–Cummings model
    4.6 The dressed states
    4.7 Density-operator approach: application to thermal states
    4.8 The Jaynes–Cummings model with large detuning: a dispersive interaction
    4.9 Extensions of the Jaynes–Cummings model
    4.10 Schmidt decomposition and von Neumann entropy for the Jaynes–Cummings model
    Problems
    References
    Bibliography
    Chapter 5 Quantum coherence functions
    5.1 Classical coherence functions
    5.2 Quantum coherence functions
    5.3 Young’s interference
    5.4 Higher-order coherence functions
    Problems
    References
    Bibliography
    Chapter 6 Beam splitters and interferometers
    6.1 Experiments with single photons
    6.2 Quantum mechanics of beam splitters
    6.3 Interferometry with a single photon
    6.4 Interaction-free measurement
    6.5 Interferometry with coherent states of light
    Problems
    References
    Bibliography
    Chapter 7 Nonclassical light
    7.1 Quadrature squeezing
    7.2 Generation of quadrature squeezed light
    7.3 Detection of quadrature squeezed light
    7.4 Amplitude (or number) squeezed states
    7.5 Photon antibunching
    7.6 Schrödinger cat states
    7.7 Two-mode squeezed vacuum states
    7.8 Higher-order squeezing
    7.9 Broadband squeezed light
    Problems
    References
    Bibliography
    Chapter 8 Dissipative interactions and decoherence
    8.1 Introduction
    8.2 Single realizations or ensembles?
    8.3 Individual realizations
    8.4 Shelving and telegraph dynamics in three-level atoms
    8.5 Decoherence
    8.6 Generation of coherent states from decoherence: optical balance
    8.7 Conclusions
    Problems
    References
    Bibliography
    Chapter 9 Optical test of quantum mechanics
    9.1 Photon sources: spontaneous parametric down-conversion
    9.2 The Hong–Ou–Mandel interferometer
    9.3 The quantum eraser
    9.4 Induced coherence
    9.5 Superluminal tunneling of photons
    9.6 Optical test of local realistic theories and Bell’s theorem
    9.7 Franson’s experiment
    9.8 Applications of down-converted light to metrology without absolute standards
    Problems
    References
    Bibliography
    Chapter 10 Experiments in cavity QED and with trapped ions
    10.1 Rydberg atoms
    10.2 Rydberg atom interacting with a cavity field
    10.3 Experimental realization of the Jaynes–Cummings model
    10.4 Creating entangled atoms in CQED
    10.5 Formation of Schröodinger cat states with dispersive atom–field interactions and decoherence from the quantum to the classical
    10.6 Quantum nondemolition measurement of photon number
    10.7 Realization of the Jaynes–Cummings interaction in the motion of a trapped ion
    10.8 Concluding remarks
    Problems
    References
    Bibliography
    Chapter 11 Applications of entanglement: Heisenberg-limited interferometry and quantum information processing
    11.1 The entanglement advantage
    11.2 Entanglement and interferometric measurements
    11.3 Quantum teleportation
    11.4 Cryptography
    11.5 Private key crypto-systems
    11.6 Public key crypto-systems
    11.7 The quantum random number generator
    11.8 Quantum cryptography
    11.8.1 Quantum key distribution
    11.8.2 The BB84 protocol
    11.8.3 The B92 protocol
    11.8.4 The Ekert protocol
    11.9 Future prospects for quantum communication
    11.10 Gates for quantum computation
    11.11 An optical realization of some quantum gates
    11.12 Decoherence and quantum error correction
    Problems
    References
    Bibliography
    Appendix A: The density operator, entangled states, the Schmidt decomposition, and the von Neumann entropy
    A.1 The density operator
    A.2 Two-state system and the Bloch sphere
    A.3 Entangled states
    A.4 Schmidt decomposition
    A.5 von Neumann entropy
    A.6 Dynamics of the density operator
    References
    Bibliography
    Appendix B: Quantum measurement theory in a (very small) nutshell
    Bibliography
    Appendix C: Derivation of the effective Hamiltonian for dispersive (far off-resonant) interactions
    References
    Appendix D: Nonlinear optics and spontaneous parametric down-conversion
    References
    Index
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    Introductory Quantum Optics This book provides an elementary introduction to the subject of quantum optics, the study of the quantum-mechanical nature of light and its interaction with matter. The presentation is almost entirely concerned with the quantized electromag- netic field. Topics covered include single-mode field quantization in a cavity, quantization of multimode fields, quantum phase, coherent states, quasi- probability distribution in phase space, atom–field interactions, the Jaynes– Cummings model, quantum coherence theory, beam splitters and interferom- eters, nonclassical field states with squeezing etc., tests of local realism with entangled photons from down-conversion, experimental realizations of cavity quantum electrodynamics, trapped ions, decoherence, and some applications to quantum information processing, particularly quantum cryptography. The book contains many homework problems and a comprehensive bibliography. This text is designed for upper-level undergraduates taking courses in quantum optics who have already taken a course in quantum mechanics, and for first- and second-year graduate students. A solutions manual is available to instructors via solutions@cambridge.org. C          G    is Professor of Physics at Lehman College, City Uni- versity of New York. He was one of the first to exploit the use of group theoretical methods in quantum optics and is also a frequent contributor to Physical Review A. In 1992 he co-authored, with A. Inomata and H. Kuratsuji, Path Integrals and Coherent States for Su (2) and SU (1, 1). P    K      is a leading figure in quantum optics, and in addition to being President of the Optical Society of America in 2004, he is a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1983 he co-authored Concepts of Quantum Optics with L. Allen. He is currently Head of the Physics Department of Imperial College and Chief Scientific Advisor at the UK National Physical Laboratory.
    Introductory Quantum Optics Christopher Gerry Lehman College, City University of New York Peter Knight Imperial College London and UK National Physical Laboratory
    cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521820356 © C. C. Gerry and P. L. Knight 2005 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2004 isbn-13 978-0-511-22949-7 isbn-10 0-511-22949-6 eBook (EBL) eBook (EBL) isbn-13 978-0-521-82035-6 isbn-10 0-521-82035-9 hardback hardback isbn-13 978-0-521-52735-4 isbn-10 0-521-52735-x paperback paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
    C. C. G. dedicates this book to his son, Eric. P. L. K. dedicates this book to his wife Chris.
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