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    Cover
    AN INTRODUCTIONTO LTELTE, LTE-ADVANCED, SAEAND 4G MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
    ©
    Contents
    Preface
    Acknowledgements
    List of Abbreviations
    1 Introduction
    2 System Architecture Evolution
    3 Digital Wireless Communications
    4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
    5 Multiple Antenna Techniques
    6 Architecture of the LTE Air Interface
    7 Cell Acquisition
    8 Data Transmission and Reception
    9 Random Access
    10 Air Interface Layer 2
    11 Power-On and Power-Off Procedures
    12 Security Procedures
    13 Quality of Service, Policy and Charging
    14 Mobility Management
    15 Inter-System Operation
    16 Delivery of Voice and Text Messages over LTE
    17 Enhancements in Release 9
    18 LTE-Advanced and Release 10
    19 Self Optimizing Networks
    20 Performance of LTE and LTE-Advanced
    Bibliography
    Index
    AN INTRODUCTION TO LTE LTE, LTE-ADVANCED, SAE AND 4G MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS Christopher Cox Director, Chris Cox Communications Ltd, UK A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
    This edition first published 2012 © 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cox, Christopher (Christopher Ian), 1965- An introduction to LTE : LTE, LTE-advanced, SAE and 4G mobile communications / Christopher Cox. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-119-97038-5 (cloth) 1. Long-Term Evolution (Telecommunications) 2. Mobile communication systems – Standards. I. Title. TK5103.48325.C693 2012 621.3845’6 – dc23 2011047216 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Print ISBN: 9781119970385 Set in 10/12 Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India
    To my nieces, Louise and Zoe
    Contents Preface Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 2 2.1 High Level Architecture Architecture of the Radio Access Network Architecture of the Core Network Communication Protocols From 1G to 3G Third Generation Systems The Growth of Mobile Data Capacity of a Mobile Telecommunication System Increasing the System Capacity Additional Motivations Introduction Architectural Review of UMTS and GSM 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 History of Mobile Telecommunication Systems 1.2.1 1.2.2 The Need for LTE 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 From UMTS to LTE 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 From LTE to LTE-Advanced 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4 The 3GPP Specifications for LTE References The ITU Requirements for 4G Requirements of LTE-Advanced 4G Communication Systems The Meaning of 4G High Level Architecture of LTE Long Term Evolution System Architecture Evolution System Architecture Evolution Architecture of LTE 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 High Level Architecture User Equipment Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network xvii xix xxi 1 1 1 2 4 4 6 6 7 8 8 10 11 11 11 11 12 13 15 15 15 15 16 16 18 21 21 21 21 23
    Evolved Packet Core Roaming Architecture Network Areas Numbering, Addressing and Identification 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6 2.1.7 Communication Protocols 2.2.1 Protocol Model Air Interface Transport Protocols 2.2.2 Fixed Network Transport Protocols 2.2.3 User Plane Protocols 2.2.4 2.2.5 Signalling Protocols Example Information Flows 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 Bearer Management 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 State Diagrams 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 Spectrum Allocation References The EPS Bearer Tunnelling Using GTP Tunnelling Using GRE and PMIP Signalling Radio Bearers Access Stratum Signalling Non Access Stratum Signalling Data Transport EPS Mobility Management EPS Connection Management Radio Resource Control Digital Wireless Communications Radio Transmission and Reception 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 Signal Transmission Signal Reception Channel Estimation Multiple Access Techniques FDD and TDD Modes viii 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3 3.1 3.3 4 4.1 3.2 Multipath, Fading and Inter-Symbol Interference 3.2.1 3.2.2 Error Management 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 References Multipath and Fading Inter-Symbol Interference Forward Error Correction Automatic Repeat Request Hybrid ARQ Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 Reduction of Inter-Symbol Interference using OFDM The OFDM Transmitter Initial Block Diagram Contents 24 25 26 27 28 28 29 30 31 31 33 33 33 35 36 36 37 38 39 40 40 40 41 42 44 47 47 47 49 50 51 52 53 53 55 56 56 57 58 60 61 61 61 62 65
    Contents 4.2 4.3 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 Multiple Access Fractional Frequency Re-Use Channel Estimation Cyclic Prefix Insertion Use of the Frequency Domain Choice of Sub-Carrier Spacing OFDMA in a Mobile Cellular Network 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6 Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access 4.3.1 4.3.2 References Power Variations from OFDMA Block Diagram of SC-FDMA Receive Diversity Closed Loop Transmit Diversity Open Loop Transmit Diversity Multiple Antenna Techniques Diversity Processing 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 Spatial Multiplexing 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.6 Beamforming 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 References Principles of Operation Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing Closed Loop Spatial Multiplexing Matrix Representation Implementation Issues Multiple User MIMO Principles of Operation Beam Steering Dual Layer Beamforming Downlink Multiple User MIMO Revisited Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Data Channels Control Information Physical Control Channels Physical Signals Information Flows Architecture of the LTE Air Interface Air Interface Protocol Stack Logical, Transport and Physical Channels 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5 6.2.6 6.2.7 The Resource Grid 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4 6.3.5 Slot Structure Frame Structure Uplink Timing Advance Resource Grid Structure Bandwidth Options ix 66 66 67 68 69 70 72 72 72 73 76 77 77 77 78 79 80 80 82 84 85 88 88 90 90 91 92 93 94 95 95 97 97 97 98 99 100 100 101 101 101 103 105 106 106
    x Contents 6.4 Multiple Antenna Transmission Downlink Antenna Ports Downlink Transmission Modes 6.4.1 6.4.2 Resource Element Mapping 6.5.1 6.5.2 References Downlink Resource Element Mapping Uplink Resource Element Mapping Physical Cell Identity Primary Synchronization Signal Secondary Synchronization Signal Cell Acquisition Acquisition Procedure Synchronization Signals 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 Downlink Reference Signals Physical Broadcast Channel Physical Control Format Indicator Channel System Information 7.6.1 7.6.2 Procedures After Acquisition References Organization of the System Information Transmission and Reception of the System Information 107 107 107 109 109 109 112 113 113 114 114 115 116 116 117 118 119 119 121 121 122 123 123 123 125 126 127 127 128 129 130 131 132 132 133 135 135 136 136 137 137 137 138 139 6.5 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Downlink Transmission and Reception Uplink Transmission and Reception Semi Persistent Scheduling Downlink Control Information Resource Allocation Example: DCI Format 1 Radio Network Temporary Identifiers Transmission and Reception of the PDCCH Data Transmission and Reception Data Transmission Procedures 8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 Transmission of Scheduling Messages on the PDCCH 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.2.4 8.2.5 Data Transmission on the PDSCH and PUSCH 8.3.1 8.3.2 Transmission of Hybrid ARQ Indicators on the PHICH 8.4.1 8.4.2 8.4.3 Uplink Control Information 8.5.1 8.5.2 8.5.3 8.5.4 Introduction Resource Element Mapping of the PHICH Physical Channel Processing of the PHICH Hybrid ARQ Acknowledgements Channel Quality Indicator Rank Indication Precoding Matrix Indicator Transport Channel Processing Physical Channel Processing
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