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Git Pocket Guide.pdf

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    Cover
    Copyright
    Table of Contents
    Preface
    What Is Git?
    Goals of This Book
    Conventions Used in This Book
    Unix
    Shell
    Command Syntax
    Typography
    Using Code Examples
    Safari® Books Online
    How to Contact Us
    Acknowledgments
    Chapter 1. Understanding Git
    Overview
    Terminology
    Branches
    Sharing Work
    The Object Store
    Blob
    Tree
    Commit
    Tag
    Object IDs and SHA-1
    Security
    Where Objects Live
    The Commit Graph
    Refs
    Related Commands
    Branches
    The Index
    Merging
    Merging Content
    Merging History
    Push and Pull
    Notes
    Chapter 2. Getting Started
    Basic Configuration
    Personal Identification
    Text Editor
    Commit ID Abbreviation
    Pagination
    Color
    Cryptographic Keys
    Command Aliases
    Getting Help
    References
    Creating a New, Empty Repository
    Selected Options
    Importing an Existing Project
    Ignoring Files
    Syntax of “Ignore Patterns”
    Chapter 3. Making Commits
    Changing the Index
    Adding a New File
    Adding the Changes to an Existing File
    Adding Partial Changes
    Shortcuts
    Removing a File
    Renaming a File
    Unstaging Changes
    Making a Commit
    Commit Messages
    What Makes a Good Commit?
    Shortcuts
    Empty Directories
    A Commit Workflow
    Chapter 4. Undoing and Editing Commits
    Changing the Last Commit
    Double Oops!
    Discarding the Last Commit
    Discarding Any Number of Commits
    Undoing a Commit
    Partial Undo
    Editing a Series of Commits
    Conflicts
    The exec Action
    Chapter 5. Branching
    The Default Branch, master
    Making a New Branch
    Switching Branches
    Uncommitted Changes
    Untracked Files
    Losing Your Head
    Deleting a Branch
    Renaming a Branch
    Chapter 6. Tracking Other Repositories
    Cloning a Repository
    Clones and Hard Links
    Bare Repositories
    Reference Repositories
    Local, Remote, and Tracking Branches
    Synchronization: Push and Pull
    Pulling
    Pushing
    Push Defaults
    Pull with Rebase
    Notes
    Access Control
    Chapter 7. Merging
    Merge Conflicts
    Resolving Merge Conflicts
    Notes
    Details on Merging
    Merge Tools
    Notes
    Custom Merge Tools
    Merge Strategies
    Why the Octopus?
    Reusing Previous Merge Decisions
    Chapter 8. Naming Commits
    Naming Individual Commits
    Commit ID
    Ref Name
    Names Relative to a Given Commit
    Names Relative to the Reflog
    The Upstream Branch
    Matching a Commit Message
    Following Chains
    Addressing Pathnames
    Naming Sets of Commits
    Chapter 9. Viewing History
    Command Format
    Output Formats
    Defining Your Own Formats
    Notes
    Limiting Commits to Be Shown
    Regular Expressions
    Reflog
    Decoration
    Date Style
    Listing Changed Files
    Showing and Following Renames or Copies
    Detecting Copies
    Rewriting Names and Addresses: The “mailmap”
    Shortening Names
    Searching for Changes: The “pickaxe”
    Showing Diffs
    Color
    Word Diff
    Comparing Branches
    Displaying Sides
    Showing Notes
    Commit Ordering
    History Simplification
    Related Commands
    git cherry
    git shortlog
    Chapter 10. Editing History
    Rebasing
    Undoing a Rebase
    Importing from One Repository to Another
    Importing Disconnected History
    Importing Linear History
    Importing Nonlinear History
    Commit Surgery: git replace
    Keeping It Real
    The Big Hammer: git filter-branch
    Examples
    Notes
    Chapter 11. Understanding Patches
    Applying Plain Diffs
    Patches with Commit Information
    Chapter 12. Remote Access
    SSH
    HTTP
    Storing Your Username
    Storing Your Password
    References
    Chapter 13. Miscellaneous
    git cherry-pick
    git notes
    git notes Subcommands
    git grep
    Combining Regular Expressions
    What to Search
    What to Show
    How to Match
    git rev-parse
    git clean
    git stash
    Subcommands
    git show
    git tag
    Deleting a Tag from a Remote
    Following Tags
    Backdating Tags
    git diff
    git diff
    git diff --staged
    git diff
    git diff
    Options and Arguments
    git instaweb
    Git Hooks
    Visual Tools
    Submodules
    Chapter 14. How Do I…?
    …Make and Use a Central Repository?
    …Fix the Last Commit I Made?
    …Edit the Previous n Commits?
    …Undo My Last n Commits?
    …Reuse the Message from an Existing Commit?
    …Reapply an Existing Commit from Another Branch?
    …List Files with Conflicts when Merging?
    …Get a Summary of My Branches?
    …Get a Summary of My Working Tree and Index State?
    …Stage All the Current Changes to My Working Files?
    …Show the Changes to My Working Files?
    …Save and Restore My Working Tree and Index Changes?
    …Add a Downstream Branch Without Checking It Out?
    …List the Files in a Specific Commit?
    …Show the Changes Made by a Commit?
    …Get Tab Completion of Branch Names, Tags, and So On?
    …List All Remotes?
    …Change the URL for a Remote?
    …Remove Old Remote-Tracking Branches?
    …Have git log:
    Find Commits I Made but Lost?
    Not Show the diffs for Root Commits?
    Show the Changes for Each Commit?
    Show the Committer as well as the Author?
    Index
    www.iebukes.com www.iebukes.com
    > m o c . k o o b e w o w w w w < k o o B e ! . w o W m o r f d a o n w o D l Git Pocket Guide Richard E. Silverman www.iebukes.com www.iebukes.com
    Git Pocket Guide by Richard E. Silverman Copyright © 2013 Richard E. Silverman. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebasto‐ pol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://my.safaribookson line.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales de‐ partment: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com. Editors: Mike Loukides and Meghan Blanchette Production Editor: Melanie Yarbrough Copyeditor: Kiel Van Horn Proofreader: Linley Dolby Indexer: Judith McConville Cover Designer: Randy Comer Interior Designer: David Futato Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest June 2013: Revision History for the First Edition: First Edition 2013-06-24: First release 2013-07-10: Second release See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449325862 for release de‐ tails. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Git Pocket Guide, the image of a long-eared bat, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc., was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN: 978-1-449-32586-2 [M] www.iebukes.com
    Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1: Understanding Git Overview The Object Store Object IDs and SHA-1 Where Objects Live The Commit Graph Refs Branches The Index Merging Push and Pull Chapter 2: Getting Started Basic Configuration Creating a New, Empty Repository Importing an Existing Project Ignoring Files Chapter 3: Making Commits www.iebukes.com ix 1 2 6 11 15 16 17 19 22 24 26 33 33 39 41 42 47 iii
    Changing the Index 47 Making a Commit 52 Chapter 4: Undoing and Editing Commits 57 Changing the Last Commit 58 Discarding the Last Commit 61 Undoing a Commit 62 Editing a Series of Commits 64 Chapter 5: Branching 69 The Default Branch, master 70 Making a New Branch 70 Switching Branches 72 Deleting a Branch 75 Renaming a Branch 78 Chapter 6: Tracking Other Repositories 79 Cloning a Repository 79 Local, Remote, and Tracking Branches 84 Synchronization: Push and Pull 86 Access Control 94 Chapter 7: Merging 95 Merge Conflicts 98 Details on Merging 105 Merge Tools 107 Custom Merge Tools 108 Merge Strategies 109 Why the Octopus? 111 Reusing Previous Merge Decisions 112 Chapter 8: Naming Commits 115 iv | Table of Contents
    Naming Individual Commits 115 Naming Sets of Commits 123 Chapter 9: Viewing History 127 Command Format 127 Output Formats 128 Defining Your Own Formats 130 Limiting Commits to Be Shown 132 Regular Expressions 133 Reflog 134 Decoration 134 Date Style 135 Listing Changed Files 136 Showing and Following Renames or Copies 138 Rewriting Names and Addresses: The “mailmap” 139 Searching for Changes: The “pickaxe” 142 Showing Diffs 142 Comparing Branches 144 Showing Notes 146 Commit Ordering 146 History Simplification 147 Related Commands 147 Chapter 10: Editing History 149 Rebasing 149 Importing from One Repository to Another 153 Commit Surgery: git replace 159 The Big Hammer: git filter-branch 162 Notes 166 Chapter 11: Understanding Patches 167 Applying Plain Diffs 169 Table of Contents | v
    > m o c . k o o b e w o w w w w < k o o B e ! . w o W m o r f d a o n w o D l Patches with Commit Information 170 Chapter 12: Remote Access 173 SSH 173 HTTP 177 Storing Your Username 177 Storing Your Password 178 References 179 Chapter 13: Miscellaneous 181 git cherry-pick 181 git notes 182 git grep 184 git rev-parse 187 git clean 187 git stash 188 git show 191 git tag 191 git diff 194 git instaweb 195 Git Hooks 196 Visual Tools 197 Submodules 197 Chapter 14: How Do I…? 199 …Make and Use a Central Repository? 199 …Fix the Last Commit I Made? 200 …Edit the Previous n Commits? 200 …Undo My Last n Commits? 200 …Reuse the Message from an Existing Commit? 201 …Reapply an Existing Commit from Another Branch? 201 …List Files with Conflicts when Merging? 201 vi | Table of Contents
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