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Mechanical Behavior of Materials.pdf

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    Contents
    1 Stress and Strain
    2 Elasticity
    3 Tensile Testing
    4 Other Tests of Plastic Behavior
    New entry
    6 Plasticity Theory
    7 Strain-Rate and Temperature Dependence of Flow Stress
    8 Slip
    9 Dislocation Geometry and Energy
    10 Dislocation Mechanics
    11 Mechanical Twinning and Martensitic Shear
    12 Hardening Mechanisms in Metals
    13 Ductility and Fracture
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    15 Viscoelasticity
    16 Creep and Stress Rupture
    17 Fatigue
    18 Residual Stresses
    19 Ceramics and Glasses
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    21 Composites
    22 Mechanical Working
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    MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS The term mechanical behavior encompasses the response of materials to external forces. This text considers a wide range of topics, including mechanical testing to determine material properties, plasticity needed for FEM analyses of automobile crashes, means of altering mechanical properties, and treatment of several modes of failure. This text fits courses on mechanical behavior of materials taught in departments of mechanical engineering and materials science. It includes numerous examples and problems for student practice and emphasizes quantitative problem solving. End of chapter notes are included to increase students’ interest. W. F. Hosford is Professor Emeritus of Materials Science and Engineering at the Uni- versity of Michigan. He is the author of a number of books, including Metal Forming: Mechanics and Metallurgy, 2nd ed. (with R. M. Caddell), Mechanics of Crystals and Textured Polycrystals, and Mechanical Metallurgy.
    Mechanical Behavior of Materials WILLIAM F. HOSFORD University of Michigan
       Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge  , UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridg e.org /9780521846707 © Cambridge University Press 2005 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2005 - - - - ---- --- eBook (NetLibrary) eBook (NetLibrary) ---- --- hardback hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
    Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. page xv NotetotheReader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..xix 1StressandStrain Introduction Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 SignConvention3 Transformation of Axes Principal Stresses Mohr’s Stress Circles Strains Small Strains Transformation of Axes Mohr’s Strain Circles Force and Moment Balances Boundary Conditions Note Problems 1 2 4 6 6 9 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 2 Elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Introduction Isotropic Elasticity Variation of Young’s Modulus Isotropic Thermal Expansion Anisotropic Elasticity Orientation Dependence of Elastic Response Orientation Dependence in Cubic Crystals Orientation Dependence in Noncubic Crystals 21 21 24 26 27 29 31 32 v
    vi CONTENTS Orientation Dependence in Materials Other Than Single Crystals Anisotropic Thermal Expansion Notes References Problems 34 34 35 36 36 3TensileTesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39 Introduction Tensile Specimens Stress–Strain Curves Ductility True Stress and Strain The Bridgman Correction Temperature Rise Sheet Anisotropy Measurement of Force and Strain Axial Alignment Special Problems Notes References Problems 39 39 40 43 44 45 47 47 48 49 49 50 51 51 4 Other Tests of Plastic Behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Introduction Compression Test Plane-Strain Compression Plane-Strain Tension Biaxial Tension (Hydraulic Bulge Test) Torsion Test Bend Tests Hardness Tests Mutual Indentation Hardness Note References Problems 53 53 56 57 57 59 61 62 66 67 67 67 5 Strain-Hardening of Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Introduction Mathematical Approximations Power-Law Approximation Necking Work per Volume Localization of Strain at Defects Notes Problems 70 70 72 73 75 75 76 77
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