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2014西藏考研英语二真题及答案.doc
2014 西藏考研英语二真题及答案
Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank
and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Section I Use of English
Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight
people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are
overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually
___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency
than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an
___4___ of good health.
Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult
to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass
divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered
to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese.
Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very
severely obese.
While such numerical standards seem
, they are not. Obesity is probably less
a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely
9
others with a low BMI may be in poor 11
fit, 10
professional football players 12
low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a
.For example, many collegiate and
as obese, though their percentage body fat is
BMI.
13
Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are
sometimes_15 _in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity
include
for
success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor
power,and
prospects
laziness,
lack
of
will
lower
biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight,
and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.
Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_
in health concerns, have stimulated
a number of anti-obesity _19_ .My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from
its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives.
Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign _20 _ childhood obesity, even
claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.
1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured
2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D]troublesome
3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore
4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example
5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern
6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in of
7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies
8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part
9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D] straightforward
10. [A] so [B] unlike [C] since [D] unless
11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste
12. [A] start [B] quality [C] retire [D] stay
13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant
14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency
15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored
16. [A] [B] combined [C] settled [D] associated
17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only
18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded
19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies
20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] without
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby
choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
What would you do with 590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an
84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida
to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her
new-found for tune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she could do worse
than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.
These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most
rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth
often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with
these material purchases wears off fairly quickly what was once exciting and new
becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences,
say Ms Dumn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to
the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time-as stories or
memories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.
This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners
get the most "happiness bang for your buck." It seems most people would be better
off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and
family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends
a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it).Buying gifts or
giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and
luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently
the reason MacDonald's restricts the availability of its popular McRib - a marketing
trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.
Readers of “HappyMoney” are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfillment,
not hunger.Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are
generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and
spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world,
and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will
agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time
to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away
from this book believing it was money well spent.
21. According to Dumn and Norton,which of the following is the most rewarding
purchase?
[A]A big house
[B]A special tour
[C]A stylish car
[D]A rich meal
22. The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is
[A]critical
[B]supportive
[C]sympathetic
[D]ambiguous
23. Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that
[A]consumers are sometimes irrational
[B]popularity usually comes after quality
[C]marketing tricks are after effective
[D]rarity generally increases pleasure
24. According to the last paragraph,Happy Money
[A]has left much room for readers’criticism
[B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase
[C]has predicted a wider income gap in the us
[D]may give its readers a sense of achievement
25. This text mainly discusses how to
[A]balance feeling good and spending money
[B]spend large sums of money won in lotteries
[C]obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent
[D]become more reasonable in spending on luxuries
Text 2
An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says
that, actually, you think you’re more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated
need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing
strategies to research into what the call the “above average effect”, or “illusory
superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average
in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously
statistical impossibilities.
We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We
become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost
our own esteem, we stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.
Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into
self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their
beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original photogragh of
themselves’ from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more
and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “ an automatic
psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent
conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image-
which must did- they genuinely believed it was really how they looked. Epley found
no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those
who self-enhance the must (that is, the participants who thought the most positively
doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In
fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real
directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher
self-esteem. “I don’t think the findings that we having have are any evidence of
personal delusion”, says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally
thinking well of themselves’. If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing.
Knowing the results of Epley‘s study,it makes sense that why people heat photographs
of themselves Viscerally-on one level, they don’t even recognise the person in the
picture as themselves, Facebook therefore ,is a self-enhancer’s paradise,where
people
their
flattering
photos,
cream
the
of
can
share
only
the
most
wit ,style ,beauty, intellect and lifestyle it’s not that people’s profiles are
dishonest,says catalina toma of Wiscon—Madison university ,”but they portray an
idealized version of themselves.
26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that
______.
[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high
[B] illusory superiority is baseless effect
[C] our need for leadership is unnatural
[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective
27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s______
[A] rapid watching
[B] conscious choice
[C] intuitive response
[D] automatic self-defence
28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to______
[A] underestimate their insecurities
[B] believe in their attractiveness
[C] cover up their depressions
[D] oversimplify their illusions
29.The word “Viscerally”(Line 2,para.5) is closest in meaning to_____.
[A]instinctively
[B]occasionally
[C]particularly
[D]aggressively
30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people
can _____.
[A]present their dishonest profiles
[B]define their traditional life styles
[C]share their intellectual pursuits
[D]withhold their unflattering sides
Text 3
Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. Tears, be they of sorrow,
anger, on joy, typically make Americans feel uncomforuble and embarrassed. The
shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating (毁灭性的) tragedy
was the provocation. The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to
put an end to the emotional outpouring. But judging form recent studies of crying
behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears,
both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be
counterproductive.
Humans are the only animals definitely known to shed emotional tears. Since
evolution has given rise to few, if any, purposeless physiological responset, it
is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival.
Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to clicit assistance
form others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly
necessary to get help. Vocal cries would have been quite enough, more likely than
tears to gain attention, So, it appears, there must be something special about tears
themselves.
Indeed, the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in
alleviating stress, University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the
chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from
emotional tears. Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response
to emotion. Tears shed because of exposure to =cut onion would contain no such
substance.
Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness of
tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs.
At Tulane University ’ s Teat Analysis Laboratory Dr.Peter Kastl and his
colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to
medication(药物), to determine whether a contact lens fits properly of why it may
be uncomfortable, to study the causes of “dry eye” syndrome and the effects of
eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants.
At Columbia University Dt.Liasy Faris and colleagues are studying tears for clues
to the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes. Tears can be obtained painlessly
without invading the body and only tiny amounts are needed to perform highly refined
analyses.
31. It is known from the first paragraph that ________.
A) shedding tears gives unpleasant feelings to American
B) crying may often imitate people or even result in tragedy
C) crying usually wins sympathy from other people
D) one who sheds tears in public will be blamed
32. What does “both those responses to tears”(Line 6, Para, 1) refer to?
A) Crying out of sorrow and shedding tears for happiness.
B) The embarrassment and unpleasant sensation of the observers.
C) The tear shedder’s apology and the observer’s effort to stop the crying.
D) Linking illness with crying and finding the chemical composition of tears.
33. “Counterproductive” (Lines 6-7, Para,1) very probably means “________”.
A) having no effect at all
B) leading to tension
C) producing disastrous impact
D) harmful to health
34. What does the author say about crying?
A) It is a pointless physiological response to the environment.
B) It must have a role to play in man’s survival.
C) It is meant to get attention and assistance.
D) It usually produces the desired effect.
35. What can be inferred from the new studies of tears?
A) Emotional tears have the function of reducing stress.
B) Exposure to excessive medication may increase emotional tears.
C) Emotional tears can give rise to “dry eye” syndrome in some cases.
D) Environmental pollutants can induce the shedding of emotional tears.
Text 4
When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the
focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom
mentioned.
Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame.We have
not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic
growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove
for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable
that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason
is that the issue has always been so politically charged.
Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists
increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.
The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to
help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some
steps to address our urgent housing need.
There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities
minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer,
may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local
authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000
extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted,
increasing GDP by 0.6%.
Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental
environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered
providers to fund new developments from revenues.
But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome
in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £4.5bn programme
of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015,is unlikely to be
extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain
a large part of the coalition’s spending plans if returns to power. The housing
sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale
public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.
36. The author believes that the housing sector__
[A] has attracted much attention
[B] involves certain political factors
[C] shoulders too much responsibility
[D] has lost its real value in economy
37. It can be learned that affordable housing has__
[A] increased its home supply
[B] offered spending opportunities
[C] suffered government biases
[D] disappointed the government
38. According to Paragraph 5,George Osborne may_______.
[A] allow greater government debt for housing
[B] stop local authorities from building homes
[C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt
[D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast
39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would_______.
[A]lower the costs of registered providers
[B]lessen the impact of government interference
[C]contribute to funding new developments
[D]relieve the ministers of responsibilities
40. The author believes that after 2015,the government may______.
[A]implement more policies to support housing
[B]review the need for large-scale public grants
[C]renew the affordable housing grants programme
[D]stop generous funding to the housing sector
Section III Translation
Directions: Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your
translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy, with a glass that’s
perpetually half fall. But that’s exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive
psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimists means being in touch with
reality. ” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben-
Shalar,realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen, but
not those who believe everything happens for the best.
Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down-sag, after
giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself
that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others.
Next is reconstruction, He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons, for the future
about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves
acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.
Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local
student. Write him to email to
1)tell him about your living habits, and
2)ask for advice about living there.
You should write about 100 words on answer sheet. Do not use your own name.
Part B
48. Directions:
Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points). You should
1. interpret the chart, and
2. give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)
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