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LTE-ADVANCED AND NEXT GENERATION WIRELESS NETWORKS

LTE-ADVANCED AND NEXT GENERATION WIRELESS NETWORKS CHANNEL MODELLING AND PROPAGATION Editors Guillaume de la Roche Mindspeed Technologies, France Andr´es Alay´on Glazunov KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Ben Allen University of Bedfordshire, UK A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

This edition ﬁrst published 2013 © 2013 John Wiley and Sons Ltd Registered ofﬁce John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial ofﬁces, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. The right of the author to be identiﬁed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data LTE – advanced and next generation wireless networks : channel modelling and propagation / editors, Guillaume de la Roche, Andr´es Alay´on Glazunov, Ben Allen. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-119-97670-7 (cloth) 1. Long-Term Evolution (Telecommunications) III. Allen, Ben (Benjamin Hugh) Andr´es Alay´on. I. De la Roche, Guillaume. II. Glazunov, TK5103.48325.L734 2012 621.39 81–dc23 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 9781119976707 Set in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India 2012015856

Contents About the Editors List of Contributors Preface Acknowledgements List of Acronyms Part I BACKGROUND 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Enabling Technologies for 3GPP LTE-Advanced Networks Narcis Cardona, Jose F. Monserrat and Jorge Cabrejas Services Spectrum Technical Performance Introduction General IMT-Advanced Features and Requirements 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 Long Term Evolution Advanced Requirements Requirements Related with Capacity 1.3.1 System Performance 1.3.2 1.3.3 Deployment Long Term Evolution Advanced Enabling Technologies 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 1.4.6 1.4.7 1.4.8 Summary References Carrier Aggregation Advanced MIMO Techniques Coordinated Multipoint Transmission or Reception Relaying Enhancements for Home eNodeBs Machine-Type Communications Self-Optimizing Networks (SON) Improvements to Latency in the Control and User Plane xv xvii xix xxiii xxv 3 4 5 5 5 6 11 13 13 14 15 15 19 21 23 26 28 29 30 33 33

Time Variant Impulse Response Directional Description and MIMO Matrix Polarization Ultrawideband Description Free-Space Propagation and Antenna Gain Reﬂection and Transmission Diffraction Scattering Waveguiding Multipath Propagation Propagation and Channel Modeling Principles Andreas F. Molisch Propagation Principles 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6 Deterministic Channel Descriptions 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 Stochastic Channel Description Pathloss and Shadowing 2.3.1 Small-Scale Fading 2.3.2 WSSUS 2.3.3 2.3.4 Extended WSSUS Channel Modeling Methods 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.4.7 References Deterministic Modeling Modeling Hierarchies Clustering Stochastic Modeling Geometry-Based Stochastic Models Diffuse Multipath Components Multi-Link Stochastic Models Part II RADIO CHANNELS vi 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 Indoor Channels Jianhua Zhang and Guangyi Liu Introduction Indoor Large Scale Fading 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 Indoor Small Scale Fading 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 Indoor Large Scale Models Summary of Indoor Large Scale Characteristics Important Factors for Indoor Propagation Geometry-Based Stochastic Channel Model Statistical Characteristics in Delay Domain Statistical Parameter in Angular Domain Cross-Polarization Discrimination (XPD) for Indoor Scenario Contents 35 35 36 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 44 45 45 46 47 48 49 51 51 51 52 53 56 58 61 61 62 67 67 69 69 72 78 83 83 84 87 88

3.3.5 3.3.6 References 3-D Modeling for Indoor MIMO Channel Impact of Elevation Angular Distribution Outdoor Channels Petros Karadimas Introduction Reference Channel Model Small Scale Variations 4.3.1 4.3.2 Path Loss and Large Scale Variations Summary Acknowledgements References First Order Statistical Characterization Second Order Statistical Characterization Outdoor-Indoor Channel Andr´es Alay´on Glazunov, Zhihua Lai and Jie Zhang Introduction 5.1 5.2 Modelling Principles 5.3 Empirical Propagation Models 5.3.1 5.3.2 Contents 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5 5.4 5.5 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.3.6 5.3.7 Path Loss Exponent Model Path Loss Exponent Model with Mean Building Penetration Loss Partition-Based Outdoor-to-Indoor Model Path Loss Exponent Model with Building Penetration Loss COST 231 Building Penetration Loss Model Excess Path Loss Building Penetration Models Extended COST 231 WI Building Penetration at the LOS Condition WINNER II Outdoor-to-Indoor Path Loss Models FDTD Ray-Based Methods Intelligent Ray Launching Algorithm (IRLA) 5.3.8 Deterministic Models 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3 Hybrid Models 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.3 5.5.4 Acknowledgements References Antenna Radiation Pattern Calibration IRLA Case Study: INSA IRLA Case Study: Xinghai vii 90 92 93 97 97 98 103 103 106 117 119 120 120 123 123 124 127 128 128 130 130 131 133 134 135 137 138 138 141 142 142 143 144 149 149 149

viii 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 7 Channel Sounders Vehicular Antennas Vehicular Measurement Campaigns Vehicular Channels Laura Bernad´o, Nicolai Czink, Thomas Zemen, Alexander Paier, Fredrik Tufvesson, Christoph Mecklenbr¨auker and Andreas F. Molisch Introduction Radio Channel Measurements 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 Vehicular Channel Characterization 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 Channel Models for Vehicular Communications 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 Channel Modeling Techniques Geometry-Based Stochastic Channel Modeling Low-Complexity Geometry-Based Stochastic Channel Model Simulation Time-Variability of the Channel Time-Varying Vehicular Channel Parameters Empirical Results New Vehicular Communication Techniques 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 6.5.4 References OFDM Physical (PHY) and Medium Access Relaying Techniques Cooperative Coding and Distributed Sensing Outlook Multi-User MIMO Channels Fredrik Tufvesson, Katsuyuki Haneda and Veli-Matti Kolmonen Introduction 7.1 7.2 Multi-User MIMO Measurements 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 General Information About Measurements Measurement Techniques Phase Noise Measurement Antennas Measurement Campaigns 7.3 Multi-User Channel Characterization 7.4 Multi-User Channel Models Analytical Model General Cluster Model Particular Implementation of Cluster Models 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 References 8 8.1 Wideband Channels Vit Sipal, David Edward and Ben Allen Large Scale Channel Properties 8.1.1 8.1.2 Path Gain – Range Dependency Path Gain – Frequency Dependency Contents 153 153 154 155 157 158 160 160 166 169 171 171 173 177 180 180 181 182 182 182 187 187 188 188 189 192 192 193 196 200 200 202 206 210 215 216 217 217

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