LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
ABSTRACT
Introduction
Objectives
Free-Space Modeling
Change Detection
Tensor Voting
Terrain Extraction
Challenges
Approaches
Contributions
Organization of Thesis
Background
Range Data
Triangulation
Structured Light
Time-of-Flight
Representation
Methods
Segmentation
Registration
Spatial Data Structures
Modeling
Indoor
Urban
Terrain
Free-Space
Change Detection
Tensor Voting
Summary
Free-Space Modeling for Change Detection
Introduction
Problem
Approach
Contributions
Organization of Chapter
Free-Space Modeling from a Single Viewpoint
Free-Space of a Single Scan
Preprocessing of Scans
The Free-Space Polyhedron
Free-Space Queries
The Spherical Quad-Tree
Spherical Parameterization
Hierarchical Subdivision
Spatial Queries
Change Detection
SQT Volumes
Scan Index Octree
Detecting Changes
Results
Indoor Experiments
Outdoor Experiments
Performance
Summary
Tensor Voting Theory
Introduction
Types of Structure
Encoding Structure
Voting Procedure
Inferring Structure
Contributions
Organization of Chapter
Formulation
Normal and Tangent Subspaces
Representing Structure
Communicating Structure
Fundamental Stick Vote
Computing a Vote Component
Collecting Votes
Attenuation
Traditional Weight Profile
Selection of a Curvature Penalty
Intuition
Decoupling Distance and Angle
Smooth Weight Profile
Differentiation
Derivative of Saliency
Derivative of Vote Tensor
Derivative of Traditional Weight
Derivative of Smooth Weight
Discussion
Curvature Penalty
Weight Profiles
Computational Complexity
Gradient Computation
Summary
Terrain Extraction by Tensor Voting
Introduction
Problem
Approach
Contributions
Organization of Chapter
Multi-Scale Tensor Voting
Sampling Issues
Fine-to-Coarse Token Refinement
Sample Selection and Masking
Inter-Scale Communication
Saliency Threshold
Terrain Extraction
Approach
Coarse-to-Fine Extraction
Line-Segment Search
Discussion
Experiments
Token Refinement Results
Terrain Extraction Results
Summary
Conclusion
Contributions to Free-Space Modeling
Inference
Representation
Change Detection System
Contributions to Tensor Voting
Theory
Practical Application to Terrain Extraction
Future Work
Free-Space
Change Detection
Tensor Voting
Terrain Extraction
Combining Methods
Summary
References
Derivative of an Eigenvalue
Tensor Voting Algorithm