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Cognitive Radio Networks Professor Kwang-Cheng Chen National Taiwan University, Taiwan Professor Ramjee Prasad Aalborg University, Denmark

This edition ﬁrst published 2009 # 2009 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial ofﬁces, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. The right of the author to be identiﬁed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chen, Kwang-Cheng. Cognitive radio networks / Kwang-Cheng Chen, Ramjee Prasad. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-69689-7 (cloth) 1. Cognitive radio networks. I. Prasad, Ramjee. II. Title. TK5103.4815.C48 2009 0 621.39 81–dc22 2008055907 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-470-69689-7 Set in 10/12pt Times by Thomson Digital, Noida, India. Printed in Great Britain by CPI Anthony Rowe, Chippenham, England

Contents Preface 1 Wireless Communications 1.1 Wireless Communications Systems 1.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 1.2.1 OFDM Concepts 1.2.2 Mathematical Model of OFDM System 1.2.3 OFDM Design Issues 1.2.4 OFDMA 1.3 MIMO Space-Time Codes Spatial Multiplexing Using Adaptive Multiple Antenna Techniques 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 Open-loop MIMO Solutions 1.3.4 Closed-loop MIMO Solutions 1.3.5 MIMO Receiver Structure 1.4 Multi-user Detection (MUD) 1.4.1 Multi-user (CDMA) Receiver 1.4.2 References Suboptimum DS/CDMA Receivers 2 Software Deﬁned Radio 2.1 Software Deﬁned Radio Architecture 2.2 Digital Signal Processor and SDR Baseband Architecture 2.3 Reconﬁgurable Wireless Communication Systems 2.3.1 Unified Communication Algorithm 2.3.2 Reconfigurable OFDM Implementation 2.3.3 Reconfigurable OFDM and CDMA 2.4 Digital Radio Processing 2.4.1 Conventional RF 2.4.2 Digital Radio Processing (DRP) Based System Architecture References 3 Wireless Networks 3.1 Multiple Access Communications and ALOHA 3.1.1 ALOHA Systems and Slotted Multiple Access 3.1.2 Slotted ALOHA xi 1 1 3 4 5 9 21 24 24 27 27 29 31 34 34 37 40 41 41 43 46 46 47 47 48 48 52 58 59 60 61 61

vi Contents Stabilised Slotted ALOHA 3.1.3 3.1.4 Approximate Delay Analysis 3.1.5 Unslotted ALOHA 3.2 Splitting Algorithms 3.2.1 Tree Algorithms 3.2.2 FCFS Splitting Algorithm 3.2.3 Analysis of FCFS Splitting Algorithm 3.3 Carrier Sensing 3.3.1 CSMA Slotted ALOHA 3.3.2 3.3.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Slotted CSMA 3.4 Routing Shortest Path Routing 3.4.1 Flooding and Broadcasting 3.4.2 3.4.3 Optimal Routing 3.4.4 Hot Potato (Reflection) Routing 3.4.5 Cut-through Routing 3.4.6 3.4.7 Interconnected Network Routing Shortest Path Routing Algorithms 3.5 Flow Control 3.5.1 Window Flow Control 3.5.2 Rate Control Schemes 3.5.3 Queuing Analysis of the Leaky Bucket Scheme References 4 Cooperative Communications and Networks 4.1 Information Theory for Cooperative Communications 4.1.1 Fundamental Network Information Theory 4.1.2 Multiple-access Channel with Cooperative Diversity 4.2 Cooperative Communications 4.2.1 Three-Node Cooperative Communications 4.2.2 Multiple-Node Relay Network 4.3 Cooperative Wireless Networks 4.3.1 Benefits of Cooperation in Wireless Networks 4.3.2 Cooperation in Cluster-Based Ad-hoc Networks References 5 Cognitive Radio Communications 5.1 Cognitive Radios and Dynamic Spectrum Access Spectrum Sharing Models of DSA 5.1.1 The Capability of Cognitive Radios 5.1.2 5.1.3 Opportunistic Spectrum Access: Basic Components 5.1.4 Networking The Cognitive Radios 5.2 Analytical Approach and Algorithms for Dynamic Spectrum Access 5.2.1 Dynamic Spectrum Access in Open Spectrum 5.2.2 Opportunistic Spectrum Access 5.2.3 Opportunistic Power Control 5.3 Fundamental Limits of Cognitive Radios 64 65 66 66 67 68 69 71 71 76 79 82 83 83 83 84 84 84 84 89 89 91 92 93 95 96 96 101 102 103 109 113 114 116 118 121 121 122 124 126 126 126 128 130 131 132

Contents 5.4 Mathematical Models Toward Networking Cognitive Radios 5.4.1 CR Link Model 5.4.2 Overlay CR Systems 5.4.3 Rate-Distance Nature References 6 Cognitive Radio Networks 6.1 Network Coding for Cognitive Radio Relay Networks System Model 6.1.1 6.1.2 Network Capacity Analysis on Fundamental CRRN Topologies 6.1.3 Link Allocation 6.1.4 Numerical Results 6.2 Cognitive Radio Networks Architecture 6.2.1 Network Architecture 6.2.2 Links in CRN 6.2.3 IP Mobility Management in CRN 6.3 Terminal Architecture of CRN 6.3.1 Cognitive Radio Device Architecture 6.3.2 Re-configurable MAC 6.3.3 Radio Access Network Selection 6.4 QoS Provisional Diversity Radio Access Networks 6.4.1 Cooperative/Collaborative Diversity and Efficient Protocols 6.4.2 Statistical QoS Guarantees over Wireless Asymmetry Collaborative Relay Networks 6.5 Scaling Laws of Ad-hoc and Cognitive Radio Networks 6.5.1 Network and Channel Models 6.5.2 Ad-hoc Networks 6.5.3 Cognitive Radio Networks References 7 Spectrum Sensing 7.1 Spectrum Sensing to Detect Speciﬁc Primary System 7.1.1 Conventional Spectrum Sensing 7.1.2 Power Control 7.1.3 Power-Scaling Power Control 7.1.4 Cooperative Spectrum Sensing 7.2 Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive OFDMA Systems 7.2.1 Cognitive Cycle 7.2.2 Discrimination of States of the Primary System 7.2.3 Spectrum Sensing Procedure 7.3 Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Multi-Radio Networks 7.3.1 Multiple System Sensing 7.3.2 Radio Resource Sensing References 8 Medium Access Control 8.1 MAC for Cognitive Radios vii 136 136 137 140 142 145 146 147 150 154 156 159 159 161 163 165 165 168 169 171 172 174 177 177 178 179 180 183 183 183 187 188 190 194 195 197 203 206 207 216 228 231 231

viii Contents 8.2 Multichannel MAC 8.2.1 General Description of Multichannel MAC 8.2.2 Multichannel MAC: Collision Avoidance/Resolution 8.2.3 Multichannel MAC: Access Negotiation 8.3 Slotted-ALOHA with Rate-Distance Adaptability 8.3.1 System Model 8.4 CSMA with AMC 8.4.1 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Spatial-Reuse Transmissions 8.4.2 Analysis of CSMA-ST 8.4.3 A Cross-Layer Power-Rate Control Scheme 8.4.4 Performance Evaluations References 9 Network Layer Design 9.1 Routing in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks 9.1.1 Routing in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks 9.1.2 Features of Routing in CRN 9.1.3 Dynamic Source Routing in MANET 9.1.4 Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) 9.2 Routing in Cognitive Radio Networks 9.2.1 Trusted Cognitive Radio Networking 9.2.2 Routing of Dynamic and Unidirectional CR Links in CRN 9.3 Control of CRN 9.3.1 Flow Control of CRN 9.3.2 End-to-End Error Control in CRN 9.3.3 Numerical Examples 9.4 Network Tomography 9.5 Self-organisation in Mobile Communication Networks 9.5.1 9.5.2 References Self-organised Networks Self-organised Cooperative and Cognitive Networks 10 Trusted Cognitive Radio Networks 10.1 Framework of Trust in CRN 10.1.1 Mathematical Structure of Trust 10.1.2 Trust Model 10.2 Trusted Association and Routing 10.2.1 Trusted Association 10.2.2 Trusted Routing 10.3 Trust with Learning 10.3.1 Modified Bayesian Learning 10.3.2 Learning Experiments for CRN 10.4 Security in CRN 10.4.1 Security Properties in Cellular Data Networks 10.4.2 Dilemma of CRN Security 232 235 238 242 251 252 259 261 263 268 270 272 275 275 275 276 278 283 286 286 288 291 291 292 292 296 298 298 299 304 307 308 308 311 311 312 317 319 319 322 328 328 330

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