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Ray Tracing Gems-High-Quality and Real-Time Rendering with DXR.p....pdf
Table of Contents
Preface
Foreword
Contributors
Notation
Part I: Ray Tracing Basics
Chapter 1: Ray Tracing Terminology
1.1 Historical Notes
1.2 Definitions
Chapter 2: What is a Ray?
2.1 Mathematical Description of a Ray
2.2 Ray Intervals
2.3 Rays in DXR
2.4 Conclusion
Chapter 3: Introduction to DirectX Raytracing
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Overview
3.3 Getting Started
3.4 The DirectX Raytracing Pipeline
3.5 New HLSL Support for DirectX Raytracing
3.5.1 Launching a New Ray in HLSL
3.5.2 Controlling Ray Traversal in HLSL
3.5.3 Additional HLSL Intrinsics
3.6 A Simple HLSL Ray Tracing Example
3.7 Overview of Host Initialization for DirectX Raytracing
3.7.1 Insight into the Mental Model
3.8 Basic DXR Initialization and Setup
3.8.1 Geometry and Acceleration Structures
3.8.1.1 Bottom-Level Acceleration Structure
3.8.1.2 Top-Level Acceleration Structure
3.8.2 Root Signatures
3.8.3 Shader Compilation
3.9 Ray Tracing Pipeline State Objects
3.10 Shader Tables
3.11 Dispatching Rays
3.12 Digging Deeper and Additional Resources
3.13 Conclusion
Chapter 4: A Planetarium Dome Master Camera
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methods
4.2.1 Computing Ray Directions from Viewport Coordinates
4.2.2 Circular Stereoscopic Projection
4.2.3 Depth of Field
4.2.4 Antialiasing
4.3 Planetarium Dome Master Projection Sample Code
Chapter 5: Computing Minima and Maxima of Subarrays
5.1 Motivation
5.2 Naive Full Table Lookup
5.3 The Sparse Table Method
5.4 The (Recursive) Range Tree Method
5.5 Iterative Range Tree Queries
5.6 Results
5.7 Summary
Part II: Intersections and Efficiency
Chapter 6: A Fast and Robust Method for Avoiding Self-Intersection
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Method
6.2.1 Calculating the Intersection Point on the Surface
6.2.2 Avoiding Self-Intersection
6.2.2.1 Exclusion Using the Primitive Identifier
6.2.2.2 Limiting the Ray Interval
6.2.2.3 Offsetting Along the Shading Normal or the Old Ray Direction
6.2.2.4 Adaptive Offsetting Along the Geometric Normal
6.3 Conclusion
Chapter 7: Precision Improvements for Ray/Sphere Intersection
7.1 Basic Ray/Sphere Intersection
7.2 Floating-Point Precision Considerations
7.3 Related Resources
Chapter 8: Cool Patches: A Geometric Approach to Ray/Bilinear Patch Intersections
8.1 Introduction and Prior Art
8.1.1 Performance Measurements
8.1.2 Mesh Quadrangulation
8.2 GARP Details
8.3 Discussion of Results
8.4 Code
Chapter 9: Multi-Hit Ray Tracing in DXR
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Implementation
9.2.1 Naive Multi-Hit Traversal
9.2.2 Node-Culling Multi-Hit BVH Traversal
9.3 Results
9.3.1 Performance Measurements
9.3.1.1 Find First Intersection
9.3.1.2 Find All Intersections
9.3.1.3 Find Some Intersections
9.3.2 Discussion
9.4 Conclusions
Chapter 10: A Simple Load-Balancing Scheme with High Scaling Efficiency
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Requirements
10.3 Load Balancing
10.3.1 Naive Tiling
10.3.2 Task Size
10.3.3 Task Distribution
10.3.4 Image Assembly
10.4 Results
Part III: Reflections, Refractions, and Shadows
Chapter 11: Automatic Handling of Materials in Nested Volumes
11.1 Modeling Volumes
11.1.1 Unique Borders
11.1.2 Additional Air Gap
11.1.3 Overlapping Hulls
11.2 Algorithm
11.2.1 Implementation
11.3 Limitations
Chapter 12: A Microfacet-Based Shadowing Function to Solve the Bump Terminator Problem
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Previous Work
12.3 Method
12.3.1 The Normal Distribution
12.3.2 The Shadowing Function
12.4 Results
Chapter 13: Ray Traced Shadows: Maintaining Real-Time Frame Rates
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Related Work
13.3 Ray Traced Shadows
13.4 Adaptive Sampling
13.4.1 Temporal Reprojection
13.4.2 Identifying Penumbra Regions
13.4.3 Computing the Number of Samples
13.4.4 Sampling Mask
13.4.5 Computing Visibility Values
13.4.5.1 Temporal Filtering
13.4.5.2 Spatial Filtering
13.5 Implementation
13.5.1 Sample-Set Generation
13.5.2 Distance-Based Light Culling
13.5.3 Limiting the Total Sample Count
13.5.4 Forward Rendering Pipeline Integration
13.6 Results
13.6.1 Comparison with Shadow Mapping
13.6.2 Soft Shadows versus Hard Shadows
13.6.3 Limitations
13.7 Conclusion and Future Work
13.7.1 Future Work
Chapter 14: Ray-Guided Volumetric Water Caustics in Single Scattering Media with DXR
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Volumetric Lighting and Refracted Light
14.3 Algorithm
14.3.1 Compute Beam Compression Ratios
14.3.2 Render Caustics Map
14.3.3 Ray Trace Refracted Caustics Map and Accumulate Surface Caustics
14.3.4 Adaptively Tessellate the Triangles of the Water Surface
14.3.5 Build Triangular Beam Volumes
14.3.6 Render Volumetric Caustics Using Additive Blending
14.3.7 Combine Surface Caustics and Volumetric Caustics
14.4 Implementation Details
14.5 Results
14.6 Future Work
14.7 Demo
Part IV: Sampling
Chapter 15: On the Importance of Sampling
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Example: Ambient Occlusion
15.3 Understanding Variance
15.4 Direct Illumination
15.5 Conclusion
Chapter 16: Sampling Transformations Zoo
16.1 The Mechanics of Sampling
16.2 Introduction to Distributions
16.3 One-Dimensional Distributions
16.3.1 Linear
16.3.2 Tent
16.3.3 Normal Distribution
16.3.4 Sampling from a One-Dimensional Discrete Distribution
16.3.4.1 Just Once
16.3.4.2 Multiple Times
16.4 Two-Dimensional Distributions
16.4.1 Bilinear
16.4.2 A Distribution Given a Two-Dimensional Texture
16.4.2.1 Rejection Sampling
16.4.2.2 Multi-Dimensional Inversion Method
16.4.2.3 Hierarchical Transformation
16.5 Uniformly Sampling Surfaces
16.5.1 Disk
16.5.1.1 Polar Mapping
16.5.1.2 Concentric Mapping
16.5.2 Triangle
16.5.2.1 Warping
16.5.2.2 Flipping
16.5.3 Triangle Mesh
16.5.4 Sphere
16.5.4.1 Latitude-Longitude Mapping
16.5.4.2 Octahedral Concentric (Uniform) Map
16.6 Sampling Directions
16.6.1 Cosine-Weighted Hemisphere Oriented to the z-Axis
16.6.2 Cosine-Weighted Hemisphere Oriented to a Vector
16.6.3 Directions in a Cone
16.6.4 Phong Distribution
16.6.5 GGX Distribution
16.7 Volume Scattering
16.7.1 Distances in a Volume
16.7.1.1 Homogeneous Media
16.7.1.2 Inhomogeneous Media
16.7.2 Henyey-Greenstein Phase Function
16.8 Adding to the Zoo Collection
Chapter 17: Ignoring the Inconvenient When Tracing Rays
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Motivation
17.3 Clamping
17.4 Path Regularization
17.5 Conclusion
Chapter 18: Importance Sampling of Many Lights on the GPU
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Review of Previous Algorithms
18.2.1 Real-Time Light Culling
18.2.2 Many-Light Algorithms
18.2.3 Light Importance Sampling
18.3 Foundations
18.3.1 Lighting Integrals
18.3.2 Importance Sampling
18.3.2.1 Monte Carlo Method
18.3.2.2 Light Selection Importance Sampling
18.3.2.3 Light Source Sampling
18.3.3 Ray Tracing of Lights
18.4 Algorithm
18.4.1 Light Preprocessing
18.4.2 Acceleration Structure
18.4.2.1 Building the BVH
18.4.2.2 Light Orientation Cone
18.4.2.3 Defining the Split Plane
18.4.3 Light Importance Sampling
18.4.3.1 Probabilistic BVH Traversal
18.4.3.2 Random Number Usage
18.4.3.3 Sampling the Leaf Node
18.4.3.4 Sampling the Light Source
18.5 Results
18.5.1 Performance
18.5.1.1 Acceleration Structure Construction
18.5.1.2 Render Time per Frame
18.5.2 Image Quality
18.5.2.1 Build Options
18.5.2.2 Triangle Amount per Leaf Node
18.5.2.3 Sampling Methods
18.6 Conclusion
Part V: Denoising and Filtering
Chapter 19: Cinematic Rendering in UE4 with Real-Time Ray Tracing and Denoising
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Integrating Ray Tracing in Unreal Engine 4
19.2.1 Phase 1: Experimental Integration
19.2.1.1 DirectX Raytracing Background on Acceleration Structures
19.2.1.2 Experimental Extensions to the UE4 RHI
19.2.1.3 Registering Geometry for a Variety of Engine Primitives
19.2.1.4 Updating the Ray Tracing Representation of the Scene
19.2.1.5 Iterating over All Objects
19.2.1.6 Customizing Shaders for Ray Traced Rendering
19.2.1.7 Batch Commit of Shader Parameters of Multiple Ray Types
19.2.1.8 Updating Instance Transformation
19.2.1.9 Building Acceleration Structures
19.2.1.10 Miss Shaders
19.2.2 Phase 2
19.2.2.1 Tier 1
19.2.2.2 Tier 2
19.2.2.3 Tier 3
19.3 Real-Time Ray Tracing and Denoising
19.3.1 Ray Traced Shadows
19.3.1.1 Lighting Evaluation
19.3.1.2 Shadow Denoising
19.3.2 Ray Traced Reflections
19.3.2.1 Simplified Reflection Shading
19.3.2.2 Denoising for Glossy Reflections
19.3.2.3 Specular Shading with Ray Traced Reflections
19.3.3 Ray Traced Diffuse Global Illumination
19.3.3.1 Ambient Occlusion
19.3.3.2 Indirect Diffuse from Light Maps
19.3.3.3 Real-Time Global Illumination
19.3.3.4 Denoising for Ambient Occlusion and Diffuse Global Illumination
19.3.4 Ray Traced Translucency
19.3.4.1 Ray Generation
19.4 Conclusions
Chapter 20: Texture Level of Detail Strategies for Real-Time Ray Tracing
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Background
20.3 Texture Level of Detail Algorithms
20.3.1 Mip Level 0 with Bilinear Filtering
20.3.2 Ray Differentials
20.3.2.1 Eye Ray Setup
20.3.2.2 Optimized Differential Barycentric Coordinate Computation
20.3.3 Ray Differentials with the G-Buffer
20.3.4 Ray Cones
20.3.4.1 Screen Space
20.3.4.2 Reflection
20.3.4.3 Pixel Spread Angle
20.3.4.4 Surface Spread Angle for Reflections
20.3.4.5 Generalization
20.4 Implementation
20.5 Comparison and Results
20.6 Code
Chapter 21: Simple Environment Map Filtering Using Ray Cones and Ray Differentials
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Ray Cones
21.3 Ray Differentials
21.4 Results
Chapter 22: Improving Temporal Antialiasing with Adaptive Ray Tracing
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Previous Temporal Antialiasing
22.3 A New Algorithm
22.3.1 Segmentation Strategy
22.3.1.1 Automatic Segmentation
22.3.1.2 UE4 Automatic Segmentation Implementation
22.3.1.3 Manual Segmentation
22.3.2 Sparse Ray Traced Supersampling
22.3.2.1 Subpixel Sample Distribution and Reuse
22.4 Early Results
22.4.1 Image Quality
22.4.2 Performance
22.5 Limitations
22.6 The Future of Real-Time Ray Traced Antialiasing
22.7 Conclusion
Part VI: Hybrid Approaches and Systems
Chapter 23: Interactive Light Map and Irradiance Volume Preview in Frostbite
23.1 Introduction
23.2 GI Solver Pipeline
23.2.1 Input and Output
23.2.1.1 Input
23.2.1.2 Output
23.2.2 GI Solver Pipeline Overview
23.2.3 Lighting Integration and Path Construction
23.2.4 Light Sources
23.2.5 Special Materials
23.2.6 Scheduling Texels
23.2.7 Performance Budgeting
23.2.8 Post-Process
23.3 Acceleration Techniques
23.3.1 View Prioritization
23.3.2 Light Acceleration Structure
23.3.3 Irradiance Caching
23.3.3.1 Direct Irradiance Cache Light Maps
23.3.3.2 Cache Update Process
23.3.3.3 Future Improvements
23.4 Live Update
23.4.1 Lighting Artist Workflow in Production
23.4.2 Scene Manipulation and Data Invalidation
23.5 Performance and Hardware
23.5.1 Method
23.5.2 Results
23.5.3 Hardware Setup
23.6 Conclusion
Chapter 24: Real-Time Global Illumination with Photon Mapping
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Photon Tracing
24.2.1 RSM-Based First Bounce
24.2.2 Following Photon Paths
24.2.3 DXR Implementation
24.3 Screen-Space Irradiance Estimation
24.3.1 Defining the Splatting Kernel
24.3.1.1 Uniform Scaling of the Kernel
24.3.1.2 Adjusting the Kernel’s Shape
24.3.2 Photon Splatting
24.3.2.1 Optimizing Splatting Using Reduced Resolution
24.4 Filtering
24.4.1 Temporal Filtering
24.4.2 Spatial Filtering
24.4.2.1 Variance Clipping of Detail Coefficients
24.4.3 Incorporating the Effect of Shading Normals
24.5 Results
24.6 Future Work
24.6.1 Optimizing Irradiance Distribution by Skipping Splatting
24.6.2 Adaptive Constants for Variance Clipping of the Detail Coefficients
Chapter 25: Hybrid Rendering for Real-Time Ray Tracing
25.1 Hybrid Rendering Pipeline Overview
25.2 Pipeline Breakdown
25.2.1 Shadows
25.2.2 Reflections
25.2.3 Ambient Occlusion
25.2.4 Transparency
25.2.5 Translucency
25.2.6 Global Illumination
25.3 Performance
25.4 Future
25.5 Code
Chapter 26: Deferred Hybrid Path Tracing
26.1 Overview
26.2 Hybrid Approach
26.3 BVH Traversal
26.3.1 Geometry Selection
26.3.2 Vertex Preprocessing
26.3.3 Shading
26.4 Diffuse Light Transport
26.4.1 Ray Heuristic
26.4.2 Last Frame’s Reprojection
26.4.3 Temporal and Spatial Filtering via Optimized Multi-Pass
26.5 Specular Light Transport
26.5.1 Temporal Accumulation
26.5.2 Reuse of Diffuse Lobe
26.5.3 Path Traced Indirect Lighting
26.5.4 Lobe Footprint Estimation
26.6 Transparency
26.7 Performance
26.7.1 Stereo Rendering for Virtual Reality
26.7.2 Discussion
Chapter 27: Interactive Ray Tracing Techniques for High-Fidelity Scientific Visualization
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Challenges Associated with Ray Tracing Large Scenes
27.2.1 Using the Right Geometric Primitive for the Job
27.2.2 Elimination of Redundancy, Compression, and Quantization
27.2.3 Considerations for Ray Tracing Acceleration Structures
27.3 Visualization Methods
27.3.1 Ambient Occlusion Lighting in Scientific Visualization
27.3.1.1 AO with Limited Occlusion Distance
27.3.1.2 Reducing Monte Carlo Sampling Noise
27.3.2 Edge-Enhanced Transparent Surfaces
27.3.3 Peeling Away Excess Transparent Surfaces
27.3.4 Edge Outlines
27.3.5 Clipping Planes and Spheres
27.4 Closing Thoughts
Part VII: Global Illumination
Chapter 28: Ray Tracing Inhomogeneous Volumes
28.1 Light Transport in Volumes
28.2 Woodcock Tracking
28.3 Example: A Simple Volume Path Tracer
28.4 Further Reading
Chapter 29: Efficient Particle Volume Splatting in a Ray Tracer
29.1 Motivation
29.2 Algorithm
29.3 Implementation
29.3.1 Ray Generation Program
29.3.2 Intersection and Any-Hit Programs
29.3.3 Sorting and Optimizations
29.4 Results
29.5 Summary
Chapter 30: Caustics Using Screen-Space Photon Mapping
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Overview
30.3 Implementation
30.3.1 Photon Emission and Photon Tracing
30.3.1.1 Photon Emission
30.3.1.2 Photon Tracing
30.3.1.3 Storing Photons
30.3.2 Photon Gathering
30.3.3 Lighting
30.4 Results
30.4.1 Limitations and Future Works
30.4.2 Transparent Objects in the Depth Buffer
30.4.3 Practical Usage
30.5 Code
Chapter 31: Variance Reduction via Footprint Estimation in the Presence of Path Reuse
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Why Assuming Full Reuse Causes a Broken MIS Weight
31.3 The Effective Reuse Factor
31.3.1 An Approximate Solution
31.3.2 Estimating the Footprint
31.4 Implementation Impacts
31.4.1 Performance Consequences
31.5 Results
Chapter 32: Accurate Real-Time Specular Reflections with Radiance Caching
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Previous Work
32.2.1 Planar Reflections
32.2.2 Screen-Space Reflections
32.2.3 Image-Based Lighting
32.2.4 Hybrid Approaches
32.2.5 Miscellaneous
32.3 Algorithm
32.3.1 Radiance Cache
32.3.1.1 Rendering
32.3.1.2 Lighting
32.3.2 Ray Tracing
32.3.2.1 Sampling the Specular BRDF
32.3.2.2 Ray Generation and Hit Storage
32.3.3 Radiance Computation for Rays
32.3.3.1 Sampling the Radiance Cache and Screen-Space Illumination
32.3.3.2 Shading Cache-Missed Rays
32.4 Spatiotemporal Filtering
32.4.1 Spatial Filtering
32.4.1.1 Edge-Stopping Weight
32.4.1.2 Roughness Weight
32.4.1.3 Reflection-Direction Weight
32.4.1.4 Ray-Length Weight
32.4.2 Temporal Filtering
32.4.3 Reflection Motion Vectors
32.4.3.1 Understanding the Problem
32.4.3.2 Direct Solution
32.4.3.3 Geometrical Optics Approach
32.4.3.4 Obtaining Optical Parameters
32.4.3.5 Velocity Transformation for Dynamic Objects
32.5 Results
32.5.1 Performance
32.5.2 Quality
32.6 Conclusion
32.7 Future Work
RAY
TRACING
GEMS
HIGHQUALITY AND REALTIME RENDERING
WITH DXR AND OTHER APIS
EDITED BY
ERIC HAINES
TOMAS AKENINEMÖLLER
SECTION EDITORS
ALEXANDER KELLER
MORGAN MCGUIRE
JACOB MUNKBERG
MATT PHARR
PETER SHIRLEY
INGO WALD
CHRIS WYMAN
Ray Tracing Gems
High-Quality and Real-Time Rendering
with DXR and Other APIs
Edited by Eric Haines and Tomas Akenine-Möller
Section Editors
Alexander Keller
Morgan McGuire
Jacob Munkberg
Matt Pharr
Peter Shirley
Ingo Wald
Chris Wyman
Ray Tracing Gems: High-Quality and Real-Time Rendering
with DXR and Other APIs
Edited by
Eric Haines
Tomas Akenine-Möller
Section Editors:
Alexander Keller
Morgan McGuire
Jacob Munkberg
Matt Pharr
Peter Shirley
Ingo Wald
Chris Wyman
ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-4427-2
ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-4426-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4427-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2019934207
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Printed on acid-free paper
Table of Contents
Preface ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xiii
Foreword ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xv
Contributors ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xxi
Notation ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xliii
PART I: Ray Tracing Basics ��������������������������������������������������������������� 5
Chapter 1: Ray Tracing Terminology ���������������������������������������������������������� 7
1.1 Historical Notes ......................................................................................7
1.2 Definitions ...............................................................................................8
Chapter 2: What is a Ray? ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 15
2.1 Mathematical Description of a Ray .......................................................15
2.2 Ray Intervals..........................................................................................17
2.3 Rays in DXR ...........................................................................................18
2.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................19
Chapter 3: Introduction to DirectX Raytracing ����������������������������������������� 21
3.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................21
3.2 Overview ................................................................................................21
3.3 Getting Started ......................................................................................22
3.4 The DirectX Raytracing Pipeline ...........................................................23
3.5 New HLSL Support for DirectX Raytracing ...........................................25
3.6 A Simple HLSL Ray Tracing Example ...................................................28
3.7 Overview of Host Initialization for DirectX Raytracing ..........................30
3.8 Basic DXR Initialization and Setup ........................................................31
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.9 Ray Tracing Pipeline State Objects .....................................................37
3.10 Shader Tables ......................................................................................41
3.11 Dispatching Rays .................................................................................43
3.12 Digging Deeper and Additional Resources .........................................44
3.13 Conclusion ...........................................................................................45
Chapter 4: A Planetarium Dome Master Camera ������������������������������������� 49
4.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................49
4.2 Methods .................................................................................................50
4.3 Planetarium Dome Master Projection Sample Code ...........................58
Chapter 5: Computing Minima and Maxima of Subarrays ������������������������ 61
5.1 Motivation ..............................................................................................61
5.2 Naive Full Table Lookup ........................................................................62
5.3 The Sparse Table Method ......................................................................62
5.4 The (Recursive) Range Tree Method .....................................................64
5.5 Iterative Range Tree Queries ................................................................66
5.6 Results ..................................................................................................69
5.7 Summary ...............................................................................................69
PART II: Intersections and Efficiency ���������������������������������������������� 75
Chapter 6: A Fast and Robust Method for Avoiding Self- Intersection ������ 77
6.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................77
6.2 Method ...................................................................................................78
6.3 Conclusion .............................................................................................84
Chapter 7: Precision Improvements for Ray/Sphere Intersection ���������� 87
7.1 Basic Ray/Sphere Intersection .............................................................87
7.2 Floating-Point Precision Considerations ..............................................89
7.3 Related Resources ................................................................................93
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 8: Cool Patches: A Geometric Approach to
Ray/Bilinear Patch Intersections ������������������������������������������������������������� 95
8.1 Introduction and Prior Art .....................................................................95
8.2 GARP Details .......................................................................................100
8.3 Discussion of Results ..........................................................................102
8.4 Code.....................................................................................................105
Chapter 9: Multi-Hit Ray Tracing in DXR ������������������������������������������������ 111
9.1 Introduction .........................................................................................111
9.2 Implementation ...................................................................................113
9.3 Results ................................................................................................119
9.4 Conclusions .........................................................................................124
Chapter 10: A Simple Load-Balancing Scheme with
High Scaling Efficiency �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 127
10.1 Introduction .......................................................................................127
10.2 Requirements ....................................................................................128
10.3 Load Balancing..................................................................................128
10.4 Results ..............................................................................................132
PART III: Reflections, Refractions, and Shadows �������������������������� 137
Chapter 11: Automatic Handling of Materials in Nested Volumes ���������� 139
11.1 Modeling Volumes .............................................................................139
11.2 Algorithm ..........................................................................................142
11.3 Limitations ........................................................................................146
Chapter 12: A Microfacet-Based Shadowing Function to
Solve the Bump Terminator Problem ����������������������������������������������������� 149
12.1 Introduction .......................................................................................149
12.2 Previous Work ...................................................................................150
12.3 Method ...............................................................................................151
12.4 Results ..............................................................................................157
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 13: Ray Traced Shadows: Maintaining Real-Time
Frame Rates ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 159
13.1 Introduction .......................................................................................159
13.2 Related Work .....................................................................................161
13.3 Ray Traced Shadows .........................................................................162
13.4 Adaptive Sampling ............................................................................164
13.5 Implementation .................................................................................171
13.6 Results ..............................................................................................175
13.7 Conclusion and Future Work ............................................................179
Chapter 14: Ray-Guided Volumetric Water Caustics in
Single Scattering Media with DXR ���������������������������������������������������������� 183
14.1 Introduction .......................................................................................183
14.2 Volumetric Lighting and Refracted Light ..........................................186
14.3 Algorithm ..........................................................................................189
14.4 Implementation Details.....................................................................197
14.5 Results ..............................................................................................198
14.6 Future Work .......................................................................................200
14.7 Demo .................................................................................................200
PART IV: Sampling ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 205
Chapter 15: On the Importance of Sampling ������������������������������������������ 207
15.1 Introduction .......................................................................................207
15.2 Example: Ambient Occlusion ............................................................208
15.3 Understanding Variance ....................................................................213
15.4 Direct Illumination ............................................................................216
15.5 Conclusion .........................................................................................221
Chapter 16: Sampling Transformations Zoo ������������������������������������������ 223
16.1 The Mechanics of Sampling ..............................................................223
16.2 Introduction to Distributions .............................................................224
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
16.3 One-Dimensional Distributions ........................................................226
16.4 Two-Dimensional Distributions ........................................................230
16.5 Uniformly Sampling Surfaces ...........................................................234
16.6 Sampling Directions ..........................................................................239
16.7 Volume Scattering .............................................................................243
16.8 Adding to the Zoo Collection .............................................................244
Chapter 17: Ignoring the Inconvenient When Tracing Rays �������������������� 247
17.1 Introduction .......................................................................................247
17.2 Motivation ..........................................................................................247
17.3 Clamping ...........................................................................................250
17.4 Path Regularization...........................................................................251
17.5 Conclusion .........................................................................................252
Chapter 18: Importance Sampling of Many Lights on the GPU ��������������� 255
18.1 Introduction .......................................................................................255
18.2 Review of Previous Algorithms .........................................................257
18.3 Foundations .......................................................................................259
18.4 Algorithm ..........................................................................................265
18.5 Results ..............................................................................................271
18.6 Conclusion .........................................................................................280
PART V: Denoising and Filtering ��������������������������������������������������� 287
Chapter 19: Cinematic Rendering in UE4 with Real-Time
Ray Tracing and Denoising ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 289
19.1 Introduction .......................................................................................289
19.2 Integrating Ray Tracing in Unreal Engine 4 ...................................... 290
19.3 Real-Time Ray Tracing and Denoising .............................................300
19.4 Conclusions .......................................................................................317
vii
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