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2019年北京师范大学博士入学考试英语真题.doc
2019 年北京师范大学博士入学考试英语真题
Listening Comprehension (15 points)
Sally drove back and forth to work twice today
I.
Section A
Directions: There are five statements in this section. Each statement will be spoken
only once. When you hear a statement, read the four choices given and choose the
one which is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard by marking the
corresponding letter A, B, C, or D on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through
the center.
1.
A. He is in a drug store.
B. He is at a department store.
C. He is at home.
D. He is at his doctor's office.
2.
A. I missed in3' train because you stopped me.
B. You made me forget what I was saving
C. You looked so deep in thought that I didn't want to bother you.
D. You told me never to interrupt you.
3.
A
B. Sally took long time to do her work.
C. Sally took her lunch with her to work.
D. Sally usually gets to work in much less time.
4.
A. If you audit a course, you don't have to take the tests.
B. You have to take a test if you want to add another course.
C. Of course you need to buy some textbooks.
D. It is not necessary to order a textbook.
5.
A. The speaker's salary is $250.
B. The speaker's salary is $1000.
C. The speaker's salary is $1100.
D. The speaker's salary is $ 275.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear five short conversations. At the end
of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the
conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there
will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C
and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on
the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
6.
A. Clean up her room
B. Get her report back.
C. Not wait for him past noon.
D. Not worry about her raincoat.
7.
A. It was probably Mr. Brown's phone number that the woman wrote down.
B. it was just an hour ago that the man met Mr. Brown.
C. The woman forgot to write down the phone number.
D. The woman needed a sheet of paper to put down the number.
8.
A. Someone who is in charge of hunting.
B. A boss of a company.
C. A job-seeking advisor.
D. Someone who is in charge of looking for talents for a company.
9.
A. The woman is not careful at all this time.
B. No matter how careful one can be, it is not enough
C. The woman is most careful this time.
D. The woman has never been careful.
10.
A. Tom stayed in a room on the second floor for an hour.
B. Nobody but the woman noticed that Tom was absent.
C. Tom was absent when the discussion was held. "~
D. Tom stayed in Room 302 for an hour.
Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear an interview. Look at the five statements
for this part on your test paper and decide if you think each statement is true
or false while you are listening to the interview. If you think the answer is true,
mark A, if you think the answer is false, mark B on the ANSWER SHEET with a single
line through the center.
11. Xiangzhen has lived in the United States since she was ten years old.
12. In Korea, the American gesture for "come" is used to call dogs.
13. When talking to an older person or someone with a higher social position, Koreans
traditionally look at the person's feet.
14. Between males and females, direct eye contact is a sign of attraction,
15. After many years in the United States Xiangzhen's body language is still
completely Korean.
II. Reading Comprehension (30 points)
Directions: Read the following passages carefully end then select the best answer
from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D by marking the corresponding letter
on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Since the first brain scanner was constructed several years ago, computed
tomography or computed medical imagery has become fairly widely used. Its rapid
Passage 1
acceptance is due to the fact that it has overcome several of the drawbacks of
conventional X-ray technology.
To begin with, conventional two-dimensional X-ray pictures cannot show all of
the information contained in a three-dimensional object. Things at different depths
are super imposed, causing confusion to the viewer. Computed tomography can give
three-dimensional information. The computer is able to reconstruct pictures of the
body's interior by measuring the varying intensities of X-ray beams passing through
sections of the body from hundreds of different angles. Such pictures are based
on series of thin “slices”.
In addition, conventional X-ray generally differentiates only between bone and
air, as in the chest and lungs. They cannot distinguish soft tissues or variations
in tissues. The liver and pancreas are not discernible at all, and certain other
organs may only be rendered visible through the use of radiopaque dye. Since computed
tomography is much more sensitive, the soft tissues of the kidneys or the liver
can be seen and clearly differentiated. This technique can also accurately measure
different degrees of X-ray absorption, facilitating the study of the nature of
tissue.
A third problem with conventional X-ray methods is their inability to measure
quantitatively the separate densities of the individual substances through which
the X-ray has passed. Only the mean absorption of all the tissues is recorded. This
is not a problem with computed tomography.
It can accurately locate a tumor and
subsequently monitor the progress of radiation treatment, so that in addition to
its diagnostic capabilities, it can play a significant role in therapy.
16. Conventional X-rays mainly show the difference between
B. liver and pancreas
A. bone and air
C. muscle and other body tissues
D. heart and lungs
17. What kind of view is made possible by contiguous cross sections of the body?
A. Two-dimensional.
C. Animated.
18. It can be inferred from the passage that, compared to conventional X-ray
techniques, computed tomography is more
A. compact
C. economical
19. What is the author's attitude toward this new technique?
A. Cautious.
C. Enthusiastic.
20. According to the passage, computed tomography can be used for all of the
following EXCEPT
A. monitoring a patient's disease
C. locating tumors
B. diagnosing disorders
B. Three-dimensional.
B. Tolerant.
D. Critical.
D. reconstructing damaged tissues
Passage 2
D. Intensified.
B. rapid
D. informative
Because early man viewed illness as divine punishment and healing as
purification, medicine and religion were inextricably linked for centuries. This
notion is apparent in the origin of our word “pharmacy,” which comes from the
Greek pharmakon, meaning "purification through purging."
By 3500 B.C., the Sumerians in the Tigris-Euphrates valley had developed
virtually all of our modern methods of administering drugs. They used gargles,
inhalations, pills, lotions, ointments, and plasters. The first drug catalog, or
pharmacopoeia, was written at that time by an unknown Sumerian physician. Preserved
in cuneiform script on a single clay' tablet are the names of dozens of drugs to
treat ailments that still afflict us today.
The Egyptians added to the ancient medicine chest. The Ebers Papyrus. a scroll
dating from 1900B.C. and named after the German Egyptologist George Ebers, reveals
the trial-and-error know-how acquired by early Egyptian physicians. To relieve
indigestion, a chew of peppermint leaves and carbonates (known today. As antacids)
was prescribed, and to numb the pain of tooth extraction, Egyptian doctors
temporarily stupefied a patient with ethyl alcohol.
The scroll also provides a rare glimpse into the hierarchy of ancient drug
preparation. The “chief of the preparers of drugs” was the equivalent of a head
pharmacist, who supervised the “collectors of drugs.” field workers, who gathered
essential minerals and herbs. The “preparers’ aides” (technicians) dried and
pulverized ingredients, which were blended according to certain formulas by the
“preparers” And the “conservator of drugs” oversaw the storehouse where local
and imported mineral, herb, and animal-organ ingredients were kept.
By the seventh century B.C., the Greeks had adopted a sophisticated mind-body
view of medicine. They believed that a physician must pursue the diagnosis and
treatment of the physical causes of disease within a scientific framework, as well
as cure the supernatural components involved. Thus, the early Greek physician
emphasized something of a holistic approach to health, even if the suspected
“mental” causes of disease were not recognized as stress and depression but
interpreted as curses from displeased deities.
The modern era of pharmacology began in the sixteenth century, ushered in by
the first major discoveries in chemistry. The understanding of how chemicals
interact to produce certain effects within the body would eventually remove much
of the guesswork and magic from medicine.
Drugs had been launched on a scientific course, but centuries would pass before
superstition was displaced by scientific fact. One major reason was that physicians
unaware of the existence of disease-causing pathogens—such as bacteria and viruses,
continued to dream up imaginary causative evils. And though new chemical compounds
emerged, their effectiveness in treating disease was still based largely on trial
and error.
Many standard, common drugs in the medicine chest developed in this
trial-and-error environment. Such is the complexity of disease and human
biochemistry that even today, despite enormous strides in medical science, many
of the latest sophisticate additions to our medicine chest shelves were accidental
finds.
21. The author cites the literal definition of the Greek word pharmakonin the first
paragraph in order to
B. religious
A. show that ancient civilization had an advanced form of medical science
B. point out that man of the beliefs of ancient civilizations are still held today
C. illustrate that early man thought recovery from illness was linked to internal
cleansing
D. emphasize the primitive nature of Greek medical science
22. According to the passage, the seventh-century Greeks' view of medicine differed
from that of the Sumerians in that the Greeks
A. discovered more advanced chemical applications of drugs
B. acknowledged both the mental and physical roots of illness
C. established a rigid hierarchy for the preparation of drugs
D. attributed disease to psychological, rather than physical, causes
23. In Paragraph 5, the word “holistic” most nearly means
A. integrated
C. modern
24. The passage indicates that advances in medical science during the modern era
of pharmacology may have been delayed by,
A. a lack of understanding of the origins of disease
B. a shortage of chemical treatments for disease
C. an inaccuracy in pharmaceutical preparation
D. an overemphasis on the psychological causes of disease
25. In the final paragraph, the author makes which of the following observations
about scientific discovery?
A. Human biochemistry is such a complex science that important discoveries are
uncommon.
B. Many cures for common diseases have yet to be discovered.
C. Trial and error is the best avenue to scientific discovery.
D. Chance events have led to the discovery of many modem drugs.
D. physiological
Passage 3
When imaginative men turn their eyes towards space and wonder whether life exist
in any part of it, they may cheer themselves by remembering that life need not
resemble closely the life that exists on Earth. Mars looks like the only planet
where life like ours could exist, and even this is doubtful. But there may be other
kinds of life based on other kinds of chemistry, and they may multiply on Venus
or Jupiter. At least we cannot prove at present that they do not.
Even more interesting is the possibility that life on their planets may be in
a more advanced stage of evolution. Present-day man is in a peculiar and probably
temporary stage. His individual units retain a strong sense of personality. They
are, in fact, still capable under favorable circumstances of leading individual
lives. But man's societies are already sufficiently developed to have enormously
more power and effectiveness than the individuals have.
It is not likely that this transitional situation will continue very long on
the evolutionary time scale. Fifty thousand years from now man's societies may have
become so close-knit that the individuals retain no sense of separate personality.
Then little distinction will remain between the organic parts of the multiple
organism and the inorganic parts (machines) that have been constructed by it. A
million years further on man and his machines may have merged as closely as the
muscles of the human body and the nerve cells that set them in motion.
The explorers of space should be prepared for some such situation. If they arrive
on a foreign planet that has reached an advanced stage (and this is by no means
impossible), they may find it being inhabited by a single large organism composed
of many closely cooperating units.
The units may be “secondary” machines created millions of years ago by a
previous form of life and given the will and ability to survive and reproduce. They
may be built entirely of metals and other durable materials. If this is the case,
they may be much more tolerant of their environment, multiplying under conditions
that would destroy immediately any organism made of carbon compounds and dependent
on the familiar carbon cycle.
Such creatures might be relics of a past age, many millions of years ago, when
their planet was favorable to the origin of life, or they might be immigrants from
a favored planet.
26 What does the word “cheer” (Para. 1, Line 2) imply?
A. Imaginative men are sure of success in finding life on other planets.
B. Imaginative men are delighted to find life on other planets.
C. Imaginative men are happy to find a different kind of life existing on other
planets.
D. imaginative men can be pleased with the idea that there might exist different
forms of life on other planets.
27. Humans on Earth are characterized by
A their existence as free and separate beings
B. their capability of living under favorable conditions
C. their great power and effectiveness
D. their strong desire for living in a close-knit society
28. According to this passage, some people believe that eventually __
A. human societies will be much more cooperative
B. man will live in a highly organized world
C. machines will take control over man
D. living beings will disappear from Earth
29. Even most imaginative people have to admit that __
A. human societies are as advanced as those on some other planets
B. planets other than Earth are not suitable for life like ours to stay,
C. it is difficult to distinguish between organic parts and inorganic parts of the
human body
D. organisms are more creative than machines
30. It seems that the writer
A. is interested in the imaginary life forms
B. is eager to find a different form of life
C. is certain of the existence of a new life form
D. is critical of the imaginative people
Passage 4
Education is one of the key, words of our time. A man without an education,
many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of unfortunate circumstances deprived
of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance
of education, modern states 'invest' in institutions of learning to get back
"interest" in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are
potential leaders. Education with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked
out, punctuated by text-books--those purchasable wells of wisdom--what would
civilization be like without its benefits?
So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and
defendants, marriages and birth; but our spiritual outlook would be different. We
would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied
psychology and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. If
our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the
most democratic form of "college" imaginable. Among the people whom we like to call
savages all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every
member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally, equipped for life.
It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive
forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to
seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no
"illiterates"—if the term can be applied to peoples without a script—while our
own compulsory school attendance became law in necessary in 1642, in France in 1806,
and in England in, 1976, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations.
This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure thin all on
knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries.
Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled
to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers
the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the
ever-present attention of his parents; therefore the jungles and the savannahs know
of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results
in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy"
an education for his child.
31. The best title for this passage is __
A. The Significance of Education
B. Educational Investment and Its Returns
C. Education: A Comparison of Its Past and Its Present
D. Education in the Wilderness
32. The word "interest" in paragraph one means __
A. capital profit got back from the investment
B. the things young people are interested in
C. the well-educated and successful young men and women
D. the well-educated young people with leadership potential
33. The author seems
A. against the education in the very early historic times
B. positive about our present educational instruction
C. in favor of the educational practice in primitive cultures
D. quite happy to see an equal start for everyone
34. The passage implies that __
A. some families now can hardly afford to send their children to school
B. everyone today' has an equal opportunity in education
C. every, country invests heavily in education
D. we are not very certain whether preachers are necessary or not
35. According to the passage, which of the following statement is true?
A. One without education today has no opportunities.
B. We have not yet decided on our education models.
C. Compulsory schooling is legal obligation in several countries now.
D. Our spiritual outlook is better now than before.
Passage 5
Many zoos in the United States have undergone radical changes in the philosophy
and design. All possible care is taken to reduce the stress of living in captivity.
Cages and grounds are landscaped to make gorillas feel immersed in vegetation, as
they would be in a Congo jungle. Zebras gaze across vistas arranged to appear (to
zoos visitors, at least) nearly as broad as an African plain.
Yet, strolling past animals in zoo after zoo, I have noticed the signs of hobbled
energy that has found no release--large cats pacing in a repetitive pattern,
primates rocking for hours in one corner of a cage. These truncated movements are
known as cage stereotypes, and usually these movements bring about no obvious
physical or emotional effects in the captive animal. Many animal specialists believe
they are more troubling to the people who watch than to the animals themselves.
Such restlessness is an unpleasant reminder that--despite the careful interior
decoration and clever optical illusions--zoo animals are prisoners, being kept in
elaborate cells.
The rationale for breeding endangered animals in zoos is nevertheless
compelling. Once a species falls below a certain number, it is beset by inbreeding
and other processes that nudge it closer and closer to extinction. If the animal
also faces the whole-scale destruction of its habitat, its one hope for survival
lies in being transplanted to some haven of safely, usually a cage. In serving as
trusts for rare fauna, zoos have committed millions of dollars to caring for animals.
Many zoo managers have given great consideration to the psychological health of
the animals in their care. Yet the more I learned about animals bred in enclosures,
the more I wondered how their sensibilities differed from those of animals raised
to roam free.
In the wild, animals exist in a world of which we have little understanding.
They may communicate with their kind through "language" that are indecipherable
by humans. A few studies suggest that some species perceive landscapes much
differently than people do; for example, they may be keenly attuned to movement
on the faces of mountains or across the broad span of grassy plains. Also, their
social structures may be complex and integral to their well-being. Some scientists
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