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Berenson O’Brien Levine Szabat Jayne Watson Basic BUSINESS Business Statistics Concepts and Applications 4TH EDITION Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2016—9781486018956—Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 4e

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BUSINESS Basic Business Statistics Concepts and Applications 4TH EDITION Berenson Levine Szabat O’Brien Jayne Watson Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2016—9781486018956—Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 4e

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2016 Pearson Australia 707 Collins Street Melbourne VIC 3008 www.pearson.com.au Authorised adaptation from the United States edition entitled Basic Business Statistics, 13th edition, ISBN 0321870026 by Berenson, Mark L.; Levine, David M.; Szabat, Kathryn A., published by Pearson Education, Inc., Copyright © 2015. Fourth adaptation edition published by Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd, Copyright © 2016 The Copyright Act 1968 of Australia allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of this book, whichever is the greater, to be copied by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that that educational institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. For details of the CAL licence for educational institutions contact: Copyright Agency Limited, telephone: (02) 9394 7600, email: info@copyright.com.au All rights reserved. Except under the conditions described in the Copyright Act 1968 of Australia and subsequent amendments, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Senior Learning Architect: Joanne Hobson Development Editor: Anna Carter Senior Project Manager: Sandra Goodall Digital Product Developer: Erin Nixon Digital Content Developer: Udarie Fernando Copyright and Pictures Editor: Kim Morgan Copy Editor: Julie Ganner Proofreader: Katie Millar Indexer: Garry Cousins Cover and internal design by Liz Nicholson, design BITE Pty Ltd Cover photograph © Raw Pixel/Shutterstock.com Typeset by iEnergizer Aptara®, Ltd Printed in China 1 2 3 4 5 20 19 18 17 16 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Berenson, Mark L., author. Basic business statistics : concepts and applications / Mark L. Berenson, David M. Levine,Kathryn A. Szabat, Martin O’Brien,Nicola Jayne, Judith Watson. 4th edition 9781486018956 (paperback) 9781486019410 (Vital Source) Includes index. Commercial statistics. Business mathematics. Statistics. Creator: Title: Edition: ISBN: ISBN: Notes: Subjects: Other Creators/Contributors: Dewey Number: 519.5 Levine, David M., 1946– author. Szabat, Kathryn A., author. O’Brien, Martin, author. Jayne, Nicola, author. Watson, Judith, 1956– author. Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright. However, should any infringement have occurred, the publishers tender their apologies and invite copyright owners to contact them. Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2016—9781486018956—Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 4e

brief contents Preface Acknowledgements How to use this book About the authors PART 1 PRESENTING AND DESCRIBING INFORMATION Introduction and data collection 1 2 Presenting data in tables and charts 3 Numerical descriptive measures PART 2 MEASURING UNCERTAINTY 4 Basic probability 5 Some important discrete probability distributions 6 The normal distribution and other continuous distributions 7 Sampling distributions PART 3 DRAWING CONCLUSIONS ABOUT POPULATIONS BASED ONLY ON SAMPLE INFORMATION 8 Confidence interval estimation 9 Fundamentals of hypothesis testing: One-sample tests 10 Hypothesis testing: Two-sample tests 11 Analysis of variance x xi xii xvii 2 20 58 111 141 171 204 243 278 320 360 PART 4 DETERMINING CAUSE AND MAKING RELIABLE FORECASTS 12 Simple linear regression 13 Introduction to multiple regression 14 Time-series forecasting and index numbers 15 Chi-square tests 410 459 499 564 PART 5 FURTHER TOPICS IN STATS 608 16 Multiple regression model building 17 Decision making 635 18 Statistical applications in quality and productivity management 659 693 19 Further non-parametric tests Appendices A to F Glossary Index A-1 G-1 I-1 Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2016—9781486018956—Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 4e

detailed contents PA R T 1 PRESENTING AND DESCRIBING INFORMATION 1 Introduction and data collection 1.1 Basic concepts of statistics 1.2 The growth of statistics and information technology 1.3 Collecting data Types of variables 1.4 Summary Key terms Chapter review problems Appendix 1 Introduction to using Microsoft Windows and Excel 2 Presenting data in tables and charts Tables and charts for categorical data 2.1 2.2 Organising numerical data 2.3 Tables and graphs for numerical data 2.4 Cross-tabulations 2.5 Scatter diagrams and time-series plots 2.6 Misusing graphs and ethical issues Summary Key terms Chapter review problems Appendix 2 Using statistical software for tables and charts 3 Numerical descriptive measures 3.1 Measures of central tendency, variation and shape 3.2 Numerical descriptive measures for a population 3.3 Calculating numerical descriptive measures from a frequency distribution Five-number summary and box-and-whisker plots 3.4 3.5 Covariance and the coefficient of correlation 3.6 Pitfalls in numerical descriptive measures and ethical issues Summary Key formulas Key terms Chapter review problems Appendix 3 Using statistical software for descriptive statistics End of Part 1 problems PA R T 2 MEASURING UNCERTAINTY 4 Basic probability 4.1 Basic probability concepts 4.2 Conditional probability 4.3 Bayes’ theorem 4.4 Counting rules Ethical issues and probability 4.5 Summary Key formulas Key terms Chapter review problems Appendix 4 Using statistical software for basic probability 5 Some important discrete probability distributions 5.1 Probability distribution for a discrete random variable 5.2 Covariance and its application in finance 5.3 Binomial distribution Poisson distribution 5.4 5.5 Hypergeometric distribution 5.6 (Online Topic) Using the poisson distribution to approximate the binomial distribution Summary Key formulas Key terms Chapter review problems Appendix 5 Using statistical software for discrete probability distributions 6 The normal distribution and other continuous distributions 6.1 Continuous probability distributions 6.2 The normal distribution 99 99 101 103 111 112 120 127 132 136 137 137 137 138 140 141 142 146 150 157 161 164 165 165 166 166 168 171 172 173 2 3 5 6 8 11 12 12 13 20 21 26 29 38 42 45 49 50 50 53 58 59 80 85 87 90 96 97 97 Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2016—9781486018956—Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 4e

188 192 194 197 200 200 200 201 202 204 205 205 215 218 223 227 227 228 228 230 232 243 244 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Evaluating normality The uniform distribution The exponential distribution The normal approximation to the binomial distribution Summary Key formulas Key terms Chapter review problems Appendix 6 Using statistical software for continuous probability distributions 7 Sampling distributions 7.1 Sampling distributions 7.2 Sampling distribution of the mean 7.3 Sampling distribution of the proportion 7.4 Types of survey sampling methods Evaluating survey worthiness 7.5 Summary Key formulas Key terms Chapter review problems Appendix 7 Using statistical software for sampling distributions End of Part 2 problems PA R T 3 DRAWING CONCLUSIONS ABOUT POPULATIONS BASED ONLY ON SAMPLE INFORMATION 8 Confidence interval estimation 8.1 Confidence interval estimation for the mean (σ known) 8.2 Confidence interval estimation for the mean (σ unknown) 8.3 Confidence interval estimation for the proportion 8.4 Determining sample size 8.5 Applications of confidence interval estimation in auditing 8.6 More on confidence interval estimation and ethical issues Summary Key formulas Key terms Chapter review problems 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 t test of hypothesis for the mean (σ unknown) Z test of hypothesis for the proportion The power of a test Potential hypothesis-testing pitfalls and ethical issues Summary Key formulas Key terms Chapter review problems Appendix 9 Using statistical software for one-sample tests of hypothesis 10 Hypothesis testing: Two-sample tests 10.1 Comparing the means of two independent populations 10.2 Comparing the means of two related populations 10.3 F test for the difference between two variances 10.4 Comparing two population proportions Summary Key formulas Key terms Chapter review problems Appendix 10 Using statistical software for two-sample tests 249 11 Analysis of variance 255 258 264 271 272 272 272 273 11.1 The completely randomised design: One-way analysis of variance 11.2 The randomised block design 11.3 The factorial design: Two-way analysis of variance Summary Key formulas Key terms Chapter review problems Appendix 11 Using statistical software for ANOVA End of Part 3 problems Detailed Contents vii Appendix 8 Using statistical software for confidence intervals and sample size determination 277 9 Fundamentals of hypothesis testing: One-sample tests 9.1 Hypothesis-testing methodology 278 279 Z test of hypothesis for the mean (σ known) 285 292 9.3 One-tail tests 9.2 297 303 307 312 315 316 316 316 319 320 321 333 340 347 352 353 354 354 358 360 361 375 384 396 397 398 398 401 403 Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2016—9781486018956—Berenson/Basic Business Statistics 4e

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