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Modern Computer Architecture and Organization.pdf
Cover
Title Page
Copyright and Credits
About Packt
Contributors
Table of Contents
Preface
Section 1:
Fundamentals of Computer Architecture
Chapter 1: Introducing Computer Architecture
The evolution of automated computing devices
Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine
ENIAC
IBM PC
The iPhone
Moore's law
Computer architecture
Binary and hexadecimal numbers
The 6502 microprocessor
The 6502 instruction set
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 2: Digital Logic
Electrical circuits
The transistor
Logic gates
Latches
Flip-flops
Registers
Adders
Propagation delay
Clocking
Sequential logic
Hardware description languages
VHDL
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 3: Processor Elements
A simple processor
Control unit
Arithmetic logic unit
Registers
The instruction set
Addressing modes
Immediate addressing mode
Absolute addressing mode
Absolute indexed addressing mode
Indirect indexed addressing mode
Instruction categories
Memory load and store instructions
Register-to-register data transfer instructions
Stack instructions
Arithmetic instructions
Logical instructions
Branching instructions
Subroutine call and return instructions
Processor flag instructions
Interrupt-related instructions
No operation instruction
Interrupt processing
IRQ processing
NMI processing
BRK instruction processing
Input/output operations
Programmed I/O
Interrupt-driven I/O
Direct memory access
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 4: Computer System Components
Technical requirements
Memory subsystem
Introducing the MOSFET
Constructing DRAM circuits with MOSFETs
The capacitor
The DRAM bit cell
DDR4 SDRAM
Graphics DDR
Prefetching
I/O subsystem
Parallel and serial data buses
PCI Express
SATA
M.2
USB
Thunderbolt
Graphics displays
VGA
DVI
HDMI
DisplayPort
Network interface
Ethernet
Wi-Fi
Keyboard and mouse
Keyboard
Mouse
Modern computer system specifications
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 5: Hardware-Software Interface
Device drivers
The parallel port
PCIe device drivers
Device driver structure
BIOS
UEFI
The boot process
BIOS boot
UEFI boot
Embedded devices
Operating systems
Processes and threads
Scheduling algorithms and process priority
Multiprocessing
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 6: Specialized Computing Domains
Real-time computing
Real-time operating systems
Digital signal processing
ADCs and DACs
DSP hardware features
Signal processing algorithms
GPU processing
GPUs as data processors
Examples of specialized architectures
Summary
Exercises
Section 2:
Processor Architectures and Instruction Sets
Chapter 7: Processor and Memory Architectures
Technical Requirements
The von Neumann, Harvard, and modified Harvard architectures
The von Neumann architecture
The Harvard architecture
The modified Harvard architecture
Physical and virtual memory
Paged virtual memory
Page status bits
Memory pools
Memory management unit
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 8: Performance-Enhancing Techniques
Cache memory
Multilevel processor caches
Static RAM
Level 1 cache
Direct-mapped cache
Set associative cache
Fully associative cache
Processor cache write policies
Level 2 and level 3 processor caches
Instruction pipelining
Superpipelining
Pipeline hazards
Micro-operations and register renaming
Conditional branches
Simultaneous multithreading
SIMD processing
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 9: Specialized Processor Extensions
Technical requirements
Privileged processor modes
Handling interrupts and exceptions
Protection rings
Supervisor mode and user mode
System calls
Floating-point mathematics
The 8087 floating-point coprocessor
The IEEE 754 floating-point standard
Power management
Dynamic voltage frequency scaling
System security management
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 10: Modern Processor Architectures and Instruction Sets
Technical requirements
x86 architecture and instruction set
The x86 register set
x86 addressing modes
x86 instruction categories
x86 instruction formats
x86 assembly language
x64 architecture and instruction set
The x64 register set
x64 instruction categories and formats
x64 assembly language
32-bit ARM architecture and instruction set
The ARM register set
ARM addressing modes
ARM instruction categories
ARM assembly language
64-bit ARM architecture and instruction set
64-bit ARM assembly language
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 11: The RISC-V Architecture and Instruction Set
Technical requirements
The RISC-V architecture and features
The RISC-V base instruction set
Computational instructions
Control flow instructions
Memory access instructions
System instructions
Pseudo-instructions
Privilege levels
RISC-V extensions
The M extension
The A extension
C extension
The F and D extensions
Other extensions
64-bit RISC-V
Standard RISC-V configurations
RISC-V assembly language
Implementing RISC-V in an FPGA
Summary
Exercises
Section 3:
Applications of Computer Architecture
Chapter 12: Processor Virtualization
Technical requirements
Introducing virtualization
Types of virtualization
Categories of processor virtualization
Virtualization challenges
Unsafe instructions
Shadow page tables
Security
Virtualizing modern processors
x86 processor virtualization
ARM processor virtualization
RISC-V processor virtualization
Virtualization tools
VirtualBox
VMware Workstation
VMware ESXi
KVM
Xen
QEMU
Virtualization and cloud computing
Summary
Exercises
Domain-Specific Chapter 13: Computer Architectures
Technical requirements
Architecting computer systems to meet unique requirements
Smartphone architecture
iPhone X
Personal computer architecture
Alienware Aurora Ryzen Edition gaming desktop
Ryzen 9 3950X branch prediction
Nvidia GeForce RTX 2080 Ti GPU
Aurora subsystems
Warehouse-scale computing architecture
WSC hardware
Rack-based servers
Hardware fault management
Electrical power consumption
The WSC as a multilevel information cache
Neural networks and machine learning architectures
Intel Nervana neural network processor
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 14: Future Directions in Computer Architectures
The ongoing evolution of computer architectures
Extrapolating from current trends
Moore's law revisited
The third dimension
Increased device specialization
Potentially disruptive technologies
Quantum physics
Spintronics
Quantum computing
Carbon nanotubes
Building a future-tolerant skill set
Continuous learning
College education
Conferences and literature
Summary
Exercises
Answers to Exercises
Chapter 1, Introducing Computer Architecture
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Exercise 4
Answer
Exercise 5
Answer
Exercise 6
Answer
Chapter 2, Digital Logic
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Exercise 4
Answer
Exercise 5
Answer
Exercise 6
Answer
Chapter 3, Processor Elements
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Exercise 4
Answer
Exercise 5
Answer
Exercise 6
Answer
Chapter 4, Computer System Components
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Chapter 5, Hardware-Software Interface
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Chapter 6, Specialized Computing Domains
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Chapter 7, Processor and Memory Architectures
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Chapter 8, Performance-Enhancing Techniques
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Chapter 9, Specialized Processor Extensions
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Exercise 4
Answer
Exercise 5
Answer
Exercise 6
Answer
Exercise 7
Answer
Exercise 8
Answer
Chapter 10, Modern Processor Architectures
and Instruction Sets
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Exercise 4
Answer
Exercise 5
Answer
Exercise 6
Answer
Exercise 7
Answer
Exercise 8
Answer
Chapter 11, The RISC-V Architecture and Instruction Set
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Exercise 4
Answer
Chapter 12, Processor Virtualization
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Chapter 13, Domain-Specific Computer Architectures
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Chapter 14, Future Directions in Computer Architectures
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Exercise 4
Answer
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Index
Modern Computer Architecture
and Organization
Are you a software developer, systems designer,
or computer architecture student looking for
a methodical introduction to digital device
architectures but overwhelmed by their
complexity? This book will help you to learn
how modern computer systems work, from the
lowest level of transistor switching to the macro
view of collaborating multiprocessor servers.
You'll gain unique insights into the internal
behavior of processors that execute the code
developed in high-level languages and enable
you to design more effi cient and scalable
software systems.
The book will teach you the fundamentals
of computer systems including transistors,
logic gates, sequential logic, and instruction
operations. You will learn details of modern
processor architectures and instruction sets
including x86, x64, ARM, and RISC-V. You will
see how to implement a RISC-V processor in
a low-cost FPGA board and how to write a
quantum computing program and run it on an
actual quantum computer. By the end of this
book, you will have a thorough understanding
of modern processor and computer
architectures and the future directions these
architectures are likely to take.
Things you will learn:
• Get to grips with transistor technology
and digital circuit principles
• Discover the functional elements of
computer processors
• Understand pipelining and superscalar
execution
• Work with fl oating-point data formats
• Understand the purpose and operation
of the supervisor mode
Implement a complete RISC-V processor
in a low-cost FPGA
•
• Explore the techniques used in virtual
machine implementation
• Write a quantum computing program and
run it on a quantum computer
Modern Computer
Architecture and
Organization
Learn x86, ARM, and RISC-V architectures and the design of smartphones,
PCs, and cloud servers
J
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www.packt.com
Jim Ledin
www.packt.com
Modern Computer
Architecture and
Organization
Learn x86, ARM, and RISC-V architectures and
the design of smartphones, PCs, and cloud servers
Jim Ledin
BIRMINGHAM—MUMBAI
Modern Computer Architecture
and Organization
Copyright © 2020 Packt Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher,
except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.
Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information
presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express
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Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies
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cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.
Commissioning Editor: Kunal Chaudhari
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First published: April 2020
Production reference: 1290420
Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.
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Birmingham
B3 2PB, UK.
ISBN 978-1-83898-439-7
www.packt.com
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Contributors
About the author
Jim Ledin is the CEO of Ledin Engineering, Inc. Jim is an expert in embedded software
and hardware design, development, and testing. He is also accomplished in embedded
system cybersecurity assessment and penetration testing. He has a B.S. degree in
aerospace engineering from Iowa State University and an M.S. degree in electrical
and computer engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology. Jim is a registered
professional electrical engineer in California, a Certified Information System Security
Professional (CISSP), a Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH), and a Certified Penetration
Tester (CPT).
About the reviewer
Roger Spears has over 15 years' experience in the academic field and over 20 years'
experience in IT. He has a B.S. in technology from Bowling Green State University and an
M.S. in information assurance, specializing in network defense, from Capella University.
He has developed and facilitated individual courses for networking, programming, and
databases. He was a member of the Protect and Detect working group on the National
Cyberwatch Center Curriculum Standards Panel for the Cybersecurity Foundation Series.
Roger has been awarded over $750,000 in cybersecurity grants from the government for
various academic and industrial customers. He holds certificates from Microsoft and
Oracle. He also holds a CCNA and CySA+ certification.
I would like to acknowledge my wife (Leann) and children (Maverick
and Sierra) for providing me the opportunity to grow with them and for
the freedom to pursue various academic and vocational endeavors. Your
understanding and tolerance meant more than I can say with words.
Packt is searching for authors like you
If you're interested in becoming an author for Packt, please visit authors.
packtpub.com and apply today. We have worked with thousands of developers and
tech professionals, just like you, to help them share their insight with the global tech
community. You can make a general application, apply for a specific hot topic that we
are recruiting an author for, or submit your own idea.
Table of Contents
Preface
Section 1:
Fundamentals of Computer Architecture
1
Introducing Computer Architecture
The evolution of automated
computing devices
Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine
ENIAC
IBM PC
The iPhone
Computer architecture
Binary and hexadecimal numbers
The 6502 microprocessor
The 6502 instruction set
4
4
6
7
11
Summary
Exercises
16
16
20
23
25
26
Moore's law
2
Digital Logic
Electrical circuits
The transistor
Logic gates
Latches
Flip-flops
Registers
Adders
Propagation delay
12
30
31
33
37
40
42
43
44
46
Clocking
Sequential logic
47
Hardware description languages 48
49
VHDL
Summary
Exercises
53
54
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