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C++ Primer 5th 原版pdf by Lippman, Lajoie & Moo.pdf

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    Contents
    Preface
    Chapter 1 Getting Started
    1.1 Writing a Simple C++ Program
    1.1.1 Compiling and Executing Our Program
    1.2 A First Look at Input/Output
    1.3 A Word about Comments
    1.4 Flow of Control
    1.4.1 The while Statement
    1.4.2 The for Statement
    1.4.3 Reading an Unknown Number of Inputs
    1.4.4 The if Statement
    1.5 Introducing Classes
    1.5.1 The Sales_itemClass
    1.5.2 A First Look at Member Functions
    1.6 The Bookstore Program
    Chapter Summary
    Defined Terms
    Part I: The Basics
    Chapter 2 Variables and Basic Types
    2.1 Primitive Built-in Types
    2.2 Variables
    2.3 Compound Types
    2.4 Const Qualifier
    2.5 Dealing with Types
    2.6 Defining Our Own Data Structures
    Chapter Summary
    Defined Terms
    Chapter 3 Strings, Vectors, and Arrays
    3.1 Namespace using Declarations
    3.2 Library string Type
    3.3 Library vector Type
    3.4 Introducing Iterators
    3.5 Arrays
    3.6 Multidimensional Arrays
    Chapter Summary
    Defined Terms
    Chapter 4 Expressions
    4.1 Fundamentals
    4.2 Arithmetic Operators
    4.3 Logical and Relational Operators
    4.4 Assignment Operators
    4.5 Increment and Decrement Operators
    4.6 The Member Access Operators
    4.7 The Conditional Operator
    4.8 The Bitwise Operators
    4.9 The sizeof Operator
    4.10 Comma Operator
    4.11 Type Conversions
    4.12 Operator Precedence Table
    Chapter Summary
    Defined Terms
    Chapter 5 Statements
    5.1 Simple Statements
    5.2 Statement Scope
    5.3 Conditional Statements
    5.4 Iterative Statements
    5.5 Jump Statements
    5.6 Try Blocks and Exception Handling
    Chapter Summary
    Defined Terms
    Chapter 6 Functions
    6.1 Function Basics
    6.2 Argument Passing
    6.3 Return Types and the return Statement
    6.4 Overloaded Functions
    6.5 Features for Specialized Uses
    6.6 Function Matching
    6.7 Pointers to Functions
    Chapter Summary
    Defined Terms
    Chapter 7 Classes
    7.1 Defining Abstract Data Types
    7.2 Access Control and Encapsulation
    7.3 Additional Class Features
    7.4 Class Scope
    7.5 Constructors Revisited
    7.6 Static Class Members
    Chapter Summary
    Defined Terms
    Part II: The C++ Library
    Chapter 8 The IO Library
    8.1 The IO Classes
    8.2 File Input and Output
    8.3 string Streams
    Chapter Summary
    Defined Terms
    Chapter 9 Sequential Containers
    9.1 Overview of the Sequential Containers
    9.2 Container Library Overview
    9.3 Sequential Container Operations
    9.4 How a vector Grows
    9.5 Additional string Operations
    9.6 Container Adaptors
    Chapter Summary
    Defined Terms
    Chapter 10 Generic Algorithms
    10.1 Overview
    10.2 A First Look at the Algorithms
    10.3 Customizing Operations
    10.4 Revisiting Iterators
    10.5 Structure of Generic Algorithms
    10.6 Container-Specific Algorithms
    Chapter Summary
    Defined Terms
    Chapter 11 Associative Containers
    11.1 Using an Associative Container
    11.2 Overview of the Associative Containers
    11.3 Operations on Associative Containers
    11.4 The Unordered Containers
    Chapter Summary
    Defined Terms
    Chapter 12 Dynamic Memory
    12.1 Dynamic Memory and Smart Pointers
    12.2 Dynamic Arrays
    12.3 Using the Library: A Text-Query Program
    Chapter Summary
    Defined Terms
    Part III: Tools for Class Authors
    Chapter 13 Copy Control
    13.1 Copy, Assign, and Destroy
    13.2 Copy Control and Resource Management
    13.3 Swap
    13.4 A Copy-Control Example
    13.5 Classes That Manage Dynamic Memory
    13.6 Moving Objects
    Chapter Summary
    Defined Terms
    Chapter 14 Overloaded Operations and Conversions
    14.1 Basic Concepts
    14.2 Input and Output Operators
    14.3 Arithmetic and Relational Operators
    14.4 Assignment Operators
    14.5 Subscript Operator
    14.6 Increment and Decrement Operators
    14.7 Member Access Operators
    14.8 Function-Call Operator
    14.9 Overloading, Conversions, and Operators
    Chapter Summary
    Defined Terms
    Chapter 15 Object-Oriented Programming
    15.1 OOP: An Overview
    15.2 Defining Base and Derived Classes
    15.3 Virtual Functions
    15.4 Abstract Base Classes
    15.5 Access Control and Inheritance
    15.6 Class Scope under Inheritance
    15.7 Constructors and Copy Control
    15.8 Containers and Inheritance
    15.9 Text Queries Revisited
    Chapter Summary
    Defined Terms
    Chapter 16 Templates and Generic Programming
    16.1 Defining a Template
    16.2 Template Argument Deduction
    16.3 Overloading and Templates
    16.4 Variadic Templates
    16.5 Template Specializations
    Chapter Summary
    Defined Terms
    Part IV: Advanced Topics
    Chapter 17 Specialized Library Facilities
    17.1 The tuple Type
    17.2 The bitset Type
    17.3 Regular Expressions
    17.4 Random Numbers
    17.5 The IO Library Revisited
    Chapter Summary
    Defined Terms
    Chapter 18 Tools for Large Programs
    18.1 Exception Handling
    18.2 Namespaces
    18.3 Multiple and Virtual Inheritance
    Chapter Summary
    Defined Terms
    Chapter 19 Specialized Tools and Techniques
    19.1 Controlling Memory Allocation
    19.2 Run-Time Type Identification
    19.3 Enumerations
    19.4 Pointer to Class Member
    19.5 Nested Classes
    19.6 Union: A Space-Saving Class
    19.7 Local Classes
    19.8 Inherently Nonportable Features
    Chapter Summary
    Defined Terms
    Appendix A: The Library
    A.1 Library Names and Headers
    A.2 A Brief Tour of the Algorithms
    A.2.1 Algorithms to Find an Object
    A.2.2 Other Read-Only Algorithms
    A.2.3 Binary Search Algorithms
    A.2.4 Algorithms That Write Container Elements
    A.2.5 Partitioning and Sorting Algorithms
    A.2.6 General Reordering Operations
    A.2.7 Permutation Algorithms
    A.2.8 Set Algorithms for Sorted Sequences
    A.2.9 Minimum and Maximum Values
    A.2.10 Numeric Algorithms
    A.3 Random Numbers
    A.3.1 Random Number Distributions
    A.3.2 Random Number Engines
    Index
    A
    B
    C
    D
    E
    F
    G
    H
    I
    K
    L
    M
    N
    O
    P
    Q
    R
    S
    T
    U
    V
    W
    X
    Z
    ptg11539634
    C++ Primer Fifth Edition Stanley B. Lippman Josée Lajoie Barbara E. Moo Upper Saddle River, NJ Boston Indianapolis San Francisco New York Toronto Montreal London Munich Paris Madrid Capetown Sidney Tokyo Singapore Mexico City
    Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales, which may include electronic versions and/or custom covers and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests. For more information, please contact: U. S. Corporate and Government Sales (800) 382-3419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside the U. S., please contact: International Sales international@pearsoned.com Visit us on the Web: informit.com/aw Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lippman, Stanley B. C++ primer / Stanley B. Lippman, Josée Lajoie, Barbara E. Moo. – 5th ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-321-71411-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. C++ (Computer program language) I. Lajoie, Josée. II. 2012020184 Moo, Barbara E. III. Title. QA76.73.C153L57697 2013 005.13’3–dc23 Copyright c 2013 Objectwrite Inc., Josée Lajoie and Barbara E. Moo All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to (201) 236-3290. C++ Primer, Fifth Edition, features an enhanced, layflat binding, which allows the book to stay open more easily when placed on a flat surface. This special binding method—notable by a small space inside the spine—also increases durability. ISBN-13: 978-0-321-71411-4 ISBN-10: 0-321-71411-3 Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at Courier in Westford, Massachusetts. Third printing, February 2013 ptg11539634
    Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 Writing a Simple C++ Program . . 1.2 A First Look at Input/Output . . . . . . . 1.3 A Word about Comments . . . . 1.4 Flow of Control . . . . . . . Chapter 1 Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 Compiling and Executing Our Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1 The while Statement . . . . 1.4.2 The for Statement . 1.4.3 Reading an Unknown Number of Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4 The if Statement . . . . . . . . . Introducing Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.1 The Sales_item Class . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.2 A First Look at Member Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 The Bookstore Program . . . . . . . Chapter Summary . . Defined Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Part I The Basics Chapter 2 Variables and Basic Types . . . . . . 2.1 Primitive Built-in Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 Arithmetic Types . . . . . 2.1.2 Type Conversions . . . . . 2.1.3 Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Variables . . . . 2.2.1 Variable Definitions . . . 2.2.2 Variable Declarations and Definitions . 2.2.3 . . . . . . 2.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Identifiers . . Scope of a Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Compound Types . . 2.3.1 References . . 2.3.2 Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii xxiii 1 2 . 3 . 5 . . 9 . 11 . 11 . 13 . 14 . 17 . 19 . 20 . 23 . 24 . 26 . 26 29 31 . 32 . 32 . 35 . 38 . 41 . 41 . 44 . 46 . 48 . 50 . 50 . 52 ptg11539634
    viii Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 const Qualifier . . . 2.3.3 Understanding Compound Type Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1 References to const . . . . . . . 2.4.2 Pointers and const . . . . 2.4.3 Top-Level const . . . . . . . . . 2.4.4 constexpr and Constant Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Dealing with Types . . . . . . . . . 2.5.1 Type Aliases . . . . . 2.5.2 The auto Type Specifier . . . . . . 2.5.3 The decltype Type Specifier . . . 2.6 Defining Our Own Data Structures . . . . 2.6.1 Defining the Sales_data Type . 2.6.2 Using the Sales_data Class . . . 2.6.3 Writing Our Own Header Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter Summary . . Defined Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Library vector Type . . . . 3.1 Namespace using Declarations . . 3.2 Library string Type . . . . . . . . Chapter 3 Strings, Vectors, and Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.1 Defining and Initializing strings . . . 3.2.2 Operations on strings . . . . . . . . . 3.2.3 Dealing with the Characters in a string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1 Defining and Initializing vectors . . . . . . 3.3.2 Adding Elements to a vector . . . . . . . . . 3.3.3 Other vector Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . Introducing Iterators . . . . 3.4.1 Using Iterators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iterator Arithmetic . 3.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.1 Defining and Initializing Built-in Arrays 3.5.2 Accessing the Elements of an Array . . . . . 3.5.3 Pointers and Arrays . . . 3.5.4 C-Style Character Strings . . . 3.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interfacing to Older Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Multidimensional Arrays Chapter Summary . . Defined Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 . 59 . 61 . 62 . 63 . 65 . 67 . 67 . 68 . 70 . 72 . 72 . 74 . 76 . 78 . 78 81 . 82 . 84 . 84 . 85 . 90 . 96 . 97 . 100 . 102 . 106 . 106 . 111 . 113 . 113 . 116 . 117 . 122 . 124 . 125 . 131 . 131 4.1 Fundamentals . Chapter 4 Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 . 134 . 134 . 136 . 137 . 139 . 141 . . . . . . . 4.1.1 Basic Concepts . . . . 4.1.2 Precedence and Associativity . . . 4.1.3 Order of Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Arithmetic Operators . . . . . . . . 4.3 Logical and Relational Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ptg11539634
    Contents ix . . . . . . . . 4.4 Assignment Operators . . . Increment and Decrement Operators . . . 4.5 . . . . 4.6 The Member Access Operators . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 The Conditional Operator . . . . . . . . . 4.8 The Bitwise Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 The sizeof Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.10 Comma Operator . . . . . . 4.11 Type Conversions . . . . . . . . . . 4.11.1 The Arithmetic Conversions . . . 4.11.2 Other Implicit Conversions . . . . . . . . 4.11.3 Explicit Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.12 Operator Precedence Table . . . . . Chapter Summary . . Defined Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 . 147 . 150 . 151 . 152 . 156 . 157 . 159 . 159 . 161 . 162 . 166 . 168 . 168 5.4 . . . . . . . . 5.1 Simple Statements . . . . . . 5.2 Statement Scope . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Conditional Statements . . . . . . . 5.3.1 The if Statement . . 5.3.2 The switch Statement . . . . . . . Iterative Statements . . . . . 5.4.1 The while Statement . . . 5.4.2 Traditional for Statement . . . . 5.4.3 Range for Statement . 5.4.4 The do while Statement . . . . Jump Statements . . . . 5.5.1 The break Statement . . . 5.5.2 The continue Statement . . . . . 5.5.3 The goto Statement Chapter 5 Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 . 172 . 174 . 174 . 175 . 178 . 183 . 183 . 185 . 187 . 189 . 190 . 190 . 191 . 192 . 193 . 193 . 194 . 197 . 199 . 199 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 try Blocks and Exception Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.1 A throw Expression . . . . 5.6.2 The try Block . . . . . . . . Standard Exceptions . . . . 5.6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter Summary . . Defined Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 Function Basics . . . 6.1.1 Local Objects 6.1.2 6.1.3 . . . . . . . . Function Declarations . . . Separate Compilation . . . . . . . Chapter 6 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 . 202 . 204 . 206 . 207 . 208 . 209 . 210 . 212 . 214 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1 Passing Arguments by Value . . . . . . 6.2.2 Passing Arguments by Reference . 6.2.3 const Parameters and Arguments . . . 6.2.4 Array Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Argument Passing . . . . . . . . . . . . . ptg11539634
    x . . . 6.4 Overloaded Functions Functions with Varying Parameters . . . . 6.4.1 Overloading and Scope . . 6.5 Features for Specialized Uses . . . . . . . 6.2.5 main: Handling Command-Line Options . . . . . . . 6.2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Return Types and the return Statement Functions with No Return Value . 6.3.1 6.3.2 Functions That Return a Value . . 6.3.3 Returning a Pointer to an Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inline and constexpr Functions . . . . . . . . 6.6.1 Argument Type Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5.1 Default Arguments . 6.5.2 6.5.3 Aids for Debugging . . . . . . . . 6.7 Pointers to Functions . . . . . . . . Chapter Summary . . Defined Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 Function Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 . 220 . 222 . 223 . 223 . 228 . 230 . 234 . 236 . 236 . 238 . 240 . 242 . 245 . 247 . 251 . 251 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . Friends . . . . 7.1 Defining Abstract Data Types . . . . . . . 7.3 Additional Class Features . . . . . . . . . 7.3.1 Class Members Revisited . 7.3.2 7.3.3 Class Types . 7.3.4 Chapter 7 Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 . 254 . 254 . 256 . 260 . 262 . 267 . 268 . 269 . 271 . 271 . 275 . 277 . 279 . 282 . 283 . 288 . 288 . 291 . 293 . 294 . 298 . 299 . 300 . 305 . 305 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.1 Designing the Sales_data Class . . . . . . . 7.1.2 Defining the Revised Sales_data Class . . . . . . . 7.1.3 Defining Nonmember Class-Related Functions . . . . . . . . 7.1.4 Constructors . . . . . . . . 7.1.5 Copy, Assignment, and Destruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5.1 Constructor Initializer List . . . . . 7.5.2 Delegating Constructors . . . . . . . . . 7.5.3 The Role of the Default Constructor . . 7.5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5.5 Aggregate Classes . . . . . . . . 7.5.6 Literal Classes . . . . 7.6 static Class Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter Summary . . Defined Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Access Control and Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Functions That Return *this . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.1 Name Lookup and Class Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Implicit Class-Type Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Friendship Revisited . . . . . . . . 7.5 Constructors Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 Class Scope . . . . . . . . . ptg11539634
    Contents Part II The C++ Library xi 307 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 The IO Classes . 8.2 File Input and Output Chapter 8 The IO Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 . 310 . 311 . 312 . 314 . 316 . 317 . 319 . 321 . 321 . 323 . 324 . 324 . . . 8.1.1 No Copy or Assign for IO Objects . . . . . . 8.1.2 Condition States . . . . 8.1.3 Managing the Output Buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.1 Using File Stream Objects . . . . . . . . 8.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.1 Using an istringstream . . . . . . . . 8.3.2 Using ostringstreams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . File Modes . . 8.3 string Streams . . . Chapter Summary . . Defined Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 9 Sequential Containers . . . . Iterators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 Overview of the Sequential Containers . . 9.2 Container Library Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2.1 . . . . . . . . 9.2.2 Container Type Members . 9.2.3 begin and end Members . . . . . 9.2.4 Defining and Initializing a Container 9.2.5 Assignment and swap . . . 9.2.6 Container Size Operations . 9.2.7 Relational Operators . . . . 9.3 Sequential Container Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.1 Adding Elements to a Sequential Container . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.2 Accessing Elements . . . . . 9.3.3 Erasing Elements . . . . . . . . . . Specialized forward_list Operations . . . . 9.3.4 9.3.5 Resizing a Container . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.6 Container Operations May Invalidate Iterators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 . 326 . 328 . 331 . 332 . 333 . 334 . 337 . 340 . 340 . 341 . 341 . 346 . 348 . 350 . 352 . 353 . 355 . 360 . 360 . 361 . 364 . 366 . 367 . 368 . 372 . 372 . . . . . . 9.5.1 Other Ways to Construct strings . . . . . . 9.5.2 Other Ways to Change a string . 9.5.3 string Search Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5.4 The compare Functions . . . . . . . . . 9.5.5 Numeric Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 Container Adaptors . . . . Chapter Summary . . Defined Terms . . . . . . . 9.4 How a vector Grows . . . . . . . 9.5 Additional string Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ptg11539634
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