GraphQL and Android 无水印原版pdf.pdf

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Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

How the Book Is Structured

About the Updates

What's New in Version 0.3?

Warescription

Book Bug Bounty

Source Code and Its License

Creative Commons and the Four-to-Free (42F) Guarantee

Acknowledgments

GraphQL in Five Minutes

Step #1: Gotta Get a GraphiQL

Step #2: Drafting a Document

Step #3: Making the Request

Step #4: Looking at the Docs

The Role of GraphQL

So, What Did We Just Do?

What Exactly is GraphQL?

A Specification

A Set of Conventions

A Lot of Froth

GraphQL Design Principles

Hierarchical

Client-Focused

Strongly Typed

Introspective

Key GraphQL Features

Platform Neutral

Protocol Neutral

Storage Neutral

Bandwidth-Friendly

GraphQL Compared To…

…REST Web Services

…RPC Web Services

…SQL Databases

…Document and NoSQL Databases

Top-Level GraphQL Terms

Document

Operation

Operation Name

Arguments and Variables

Mutations and Objects

Errors

GraphQL Test Environments

The Test Server

Our Local Server: Express

Where to Run the Server

Installing the Server

Install Node.js

Obtain the Server Scripts

Install Dependencies

Running the Server

Testing with GraphiQL

Trying a Mutation

GitHub

Getting an Authentication Token

Accessing GitHub's GraphiQL

GitHub API Documentation and Support

And Now, Onwards and Upwards!

Basic Dynamic GraphQL in Android

Dynamic vs. Static

Dynamic

Static

GraphQL and HTTP

Using OkHttp for GraphQL

The Activity

The UI

The Dependencies

The Query

The Observable Chain

The Subscription

The Results

Getting a Parsed Response

The Response Objects and Revised Query

The Revised Rx and UI

The Revised Results

Can't We Do Better Than Maps of Objects?

Basic Static GraphQL in Android

Android Apps and Code Generation

R and BuildConfig

AIDL

Data Binding

Compiled SQL Queries

The Staticizer

Introducing Apollo and Apollo-Android

Using Apollo-Android

Installing Node

Installing apollo-codegen

Setting the Gradle Version

Adding the Plugin

Downloading the Schema

Writing the GraphQL

What You Get

Using the Generated APIs

Creating an ApolloClient

Making the Observable

Working with the Results

Names and Apollo-Android

Was All of This Worth It?

Objects, Fields, and Types

Introducing the GraphQL Schema Definition Language

Objects

Fields

Root Fields

Selection Set

Data Types in GraphQL

Numbers

Strings and IDs

Custom Scalars

Enums

Objects

Interfaces and Unions

Type Modifiers

Lists

Non-Null

Combo Platters

Trip, In Schema Definition Language

Fragments

The Role of Fragments

Creating a Fragment

Using a Fragment

Fragments, And Your Output

Fragments and Your Android Code

Where Apollo-Android Generated Code Gets Generated

Arguments and Variables

Arguments

Argument Data Types and Input Objects

Argument Patterns

Searching and Sorting

CRUD

Paging

Using Arguments in Android

Variables

Declaring the Variables

Applying the Variables

Supplying Values for the Variables

Variables in Android

Dynamic GraphQL

Static GraphQL

…And Never the Twain Shall Meet

Switching to a Fragment

Updating the Observable

Handling the Searches

A Little Bit of CRUD

Running the Test Server

The Project and Your Test Server

A Small Schema Reminder

Our New GraphQL Document

What Apollo-Android Generates

Adding a Data Entry Fragment

Invoking a Mutation

The Results

Aliases

Applying Aliases

One, Two, Many, Lots

Multiple Root Fields

Making the Same Query Over and Over and Over

Mutating N Items

Aliases with Apollo-Android

GraphQL Execution Rules

Interfaces, Unions, and Inline Fragments

Interfaces

Fields In Common

Distinct Fields

Unions

Interfaces, Unions, and Apollo-Android

Miscellaneous GraphQL Syntax

Arguments on Nested Fields

Scenario: Conversion

Scenario: Filtering

Developing Clients Using Arguments on Nested Fields

Directives

@include and @skip

Custom Directives

Deprecations

Introspection

Adding a Type To Your Response

Introspection Beyond the Type Name

Requesting the Roots

Listing the Types

Collecting the Fields

Field Types

Field Arguments

Field Deprecation Status

Type-Specific Results

Authentication and the Viewer Pattern

Convention Over Specification

What You Get Stems From Who You Are

Exploring GitHub's Approach

Using Their GraphiQL

Using the Token

Tokens and Android

Getting the Schema

Adding the Token to the Project

Adding the Token

Making the Request

Queries and Paging

Taking a Page from GitHub

Starring Some Repositories

Getting a Page of Results

Examining the Query and Its Results

The Viewer

The starredRepositories

The Edges

The Page Info

Please, GitHub, Can I Have Some More?

Paging with Apollo-Android

Defining the GraphQL

RxJava Recipe

The Rest of the RecyclerView

Securing GraphQL

Securing the Network

SSL Basics

OkHttp Certificate Pinning

Establishing a Pin

Implementing a Pin Set

Pinning Against a Root CA

OkHttp Cleartext Ban

Network Security Configuration

CWAC-NetSecurity

NetCipher

Testing GraphQL

Testing Using a Real Server

Mocking the Apollo-Android Response

Mocking the OkHttp Response

Mocking the Server Response

Advanced Apollo-Android

Support for Scalar Types

Gradle Configuration

Implementing Adapters

Registering Adapters

GraphQL and Android by Mark L. Murphy

GraphQL and Android by Mark L. Murphy Copyright © 2016-2017 CommonsWare, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Printing History: August 2017: Version 0.3 The CommonsWare name and logo, “Busy Coder's Guide”, and related trade dress are trademarks of CommonsWare, LLC. All other trademarks referenced in this book are trademarks of their respective firms. The publisher and author(s) assume no responsibility for errors or omissions or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

Table of Contents Headings formatted in bold-italic have changed since the last version. • Preface ◦ How the Book Is Structured .................................................................. v ◦ About the Updates ................................................................................ vi ◦ What’s New in Version 0.3? ........................................................ vi ◦ Warescription ..................................................................................... vii ◦ Book Bug Bounty ................................................................................ vii ◦ Source Code and Its License ............................................................. viii ◦ Creative Commons and the Four-to-Free (42F) Guarantee ....... ix ◦ Acknowledgments ................................................................................ ix • GraphQL in Five Minutes • The Role of GraphQL ◦ Step #1: Gotta Get a GraphiQL .............................................................. 1 ◦ Step #2: Drafting a Document .............................................................. 2 ◦ Step #3: Making the Request ............................................................... 4 ◦ Step #4: Looking at the Docs ................................................................ 5 ◦ So, What Did We Just Do? ................................................................... 9 ◦ What Exactly is GraphQL? ................................................................... 11 ◦ GraphQL Design Principles ................................................................. 13 ◦ Key GraphQL Features ........................................................................ 16 ◦ GraphQL Compared To… .................................................................... 18 • Top-Level GraphQL Terms ◦ Document ............................................................................................ 21 ◦ Operation ............................................................................................. 21 ◦ Operation Name .................................................................................. 22 ◦ Arguments and Variables .................................................................... 24 ◦ Mutations and Objects ........................................................................ 25 ◦ Errors .................................................................................................... 26 ◦ The Test Server .................................................................................... 29 ◦ GitHub .................................................................................................. 36 ◦ And Now, Onwards and Upwards! ..................................................... 37 • GraphQL Test Environments • Basic Dynamic GraphQL in Android ◦ Dynamic vs. Static ............................................................................... 39 ◦ GraphQL and HTTP ........................................................................... 40 ◦ Using OkHttp for GraphQL ................................................................ 41 i

◦ Getting a Parsed Response ................................................................. 48 ◦ Can’t We Do Better Than Maps of Objects? ...................................... 55 • Basic Static GraphQL in Android ◦ Android Apps and Code Generation .................................................. 57 ◦ Introducing Apollo and Apollo-Android ........................................... 59 ◦ Using Apollo-Android ............................................................... 60 ◦ Names and Apollo-Android ............................................................... 69 ◦ Was All of This Worth It? ................................................................... 69 • Objects, Fields, and Types ◦ Introducing the GraphQL Schema Definition Language ................. 73 ◦ Objects ................................................................................................. 74 ◦ Fields ..................................................................................................... 76 ◦ Data Types in GraphQL ....................................................................... 78 ◦ Type Modifiers .................................................................................... 88 ◦ Trip, In Schema Definition Language ............................................... 89 • Fragments ◦ The Role of Fragments ........................................................................ 93 ◦ Creating a Fragment ............................................................................ 95 ◦ Using a Fragment ................................................................................. 95 ◦ Fragments, And Your Output ............................................................. 97 ◦ Fragments and Your Android Code ................................................... 98 ◦ Where Apollo-Android Generated Code Gets Generated .............. 100 ◦ Arguments ........................................................................................... 101 ◦ Variables ............................................................................................... 111 ◦ Variables in Android ........................................................................... 114 ◦ A Little Bit of CRUD .......................................................................... 120 • Arguments and Variables • Aliases ◦ Applying Aliases ................................................................................. 133 ◦ One, Two, Many, Lots ......................................................................... 135 ◦ Aliases with Apollo-Android ............................................................ 139 ◦ GraphQL Execution Rules ................................................................. 140 • Interfaces, Unions, and Inline Fragments ◦ Interfaces ............................................................................................ 144 ◦ Unions ................................................................................................ 154 ◦ Interfaces, Unions, and Apollo-Android .......................................... 156 • Miscellaneous GraphQL Syntax ◦ Arguments on Nested Fields .............................................................. 161 ◦ Directives ............................................................................................ 163 ◦ Deprecations ...................................................................................... 166 • Introspection ii

◦ Adding a Type To Your Response ..................................................... 167 ◦ Introspection Beyond the Type Name ............................................... 172 • Authentication and the Viewer Pattern ◦ Convention Over Specification ......................................................... 197 ◦ What You Get Stems From Who You Are ........................................ 198 ◦ Exploring GitHub’s Approach ........................................................... 199 • Queries and Paging ◦ Taking a Page from GitHub .................................................... 209 ◦ Examining the Query and Its Results ...................................... 213 ◦ Please, GitHub, Can I Have Some More? ................................. 214 ◦ Paging with Apollo-Android .................................................... 217 ◦ Securing the Network ........................................................................ 227 • Securing GraphQL • Testing GraphQL ◦ Testing Using a Real Server ............................................................... 237 ◦ Mocking the Apollo-Android Response ........................................... 238 ◦ Mocking the OkHttp Response ....................................................... 240 ◦ Mocking the Server Response .......................................................... 240 • Advanced Apollo-Android ◦ Support for Scalar Types ......................................................... 245 iii

Preface Thanks! Thanks for your interest in Android app development, the world’s most popular operating system! And, thanks for your interest in GraphQL, an increasingly-popular option for communications between clients and servers. And, most of all, thanks for your interest in this book! I sincerely hope you find it useful! But, however, bear in mind that it will not be funny. Not one little bit. This book will be completely serious, without any jokes or other forms of humor. Honest. (well, OK, perhaps not) How the Book Is Structured We start off with a quick spin through making GraphQL requests, using canned tools and custom Android apps. These chapters are designed to help you explore the basics of exchanging data via GraphQL, plus learn about how GraphQL compares with other ways that you have used to exchange data (e.g., REST-style Web services). Next, we take a deep dive into GraphQL syntax. A GraphQL server publishes a schema, indicating what we can request or modify. In this series of chapters, we will explore various facets of that schema and learn how we can request or modify that data given the restrictions imposed by the schema. Since this book is a work-in-progress, while there will be much more to come, that is all I can offer you at the present time. v

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