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ALAN DIX, JANET FINLAY, GREGORY D. ABOWD, RUSSELL BEALE HUMAN–COMPUTER INTERACTION THIRD EDITION Much has changed since the first edition of Human–Computer Interaction was published. Ubiquitous computing and rich sensor-filled environments are finding their way out of the laboratory, not just into movies but also into our workplaces and homes. The computer has broken out of its plastic and glass bounds providing us with networked societies where personal computing devices from mobile phones to smart cards fill our pockets and electronic devices surround us at home and work. The web too has grown from a largely academic network into the hub of business and everyday lives. As the distinctions between the physical and the digital, and between work and leisure start to break down, human–computer interaction is also changing radically. The excitement of these changes is captured in this new edition, which also looks forward to other emerging technologies. However, the book is firmly rooted in strong principles and models independent of the passing technologies of the day: these foundations will be the means by which today’s students will understand tomorrow’s technology. The third edition of Human–Computer Interaction can be used for introductory and advanced courses on HCI, Interaction Design, Usability or Interactive Systems Design. It will also prove an invaluable reference for professionals wishing to design usable computing devices. Accompanying the text is a comprehensive website containing a broad range of material for instructors, students and practitioners, a full text search facility for the book, links to many sites of additional interest and much more: go to www.hcibook.com New to this edition: � A revised structure, reflecting the growth of HCI as a discipline, separates out basic material suitable for introductory courses from more detailed models and theories. � New chapter on interaction design adds material on scenarios and basic navigation design. � New chapter on universal design, substantially extending the coverage of this material in the book. � Updated and extended treatment of socio/contextual issues. � Extended and new material on novel interaction, including updated ubicomp material, designing experience, physical sensors and a new chapter on rich interaction. � Updated material about the web including dynamic content. � Relaunched website including case studies, WAP access and search. Alan Dix is Professor in the Department of Computing, Lancaster, UK. Janet Finlay is Professor in the School of Computing, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK. Gregory D. Abowd is Associate Professor in the College of Computing and GVU Center at Georgia Tech, USA. Russell Beale is lecturer at the School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, UK. Cover illustration by Peter Gudynas www.pearson-books.com I N T E R A C T H U M A N – C O M P U T E R I O N THIRD EDITION DIX FINLAY ABOWD BEALE
Human–Computer Interaction
We work with leading authors to develop the strongest educational materials in computing, bringing cutting-edge thinking and best learning practice to a global market. Under a range of well-known imprints, including Prentice Hall, we craft high quality print and electronic publications which help readers to understand and apply their content, whether studying or at work. To find out more about the complete range of our publishing, please visit us on the world wide web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk
Human–Computer Interaction Third Edition Alan Dix, Lancaster University Janet Finlay, Leeds Metropolitan University Gregory D. Abowd, Georgia Institute of Technology Russell Beale, University of Birmingham
Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the world wide web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk First published 1993 Second edition published 1998 Third edition published 2004 © Prentice-Hall Europe 1993, 1998 © Pearson Education Limited 2004 The rights of Alan Dix, Janet E. Finlay, Gregory D. Abowd and Russell Beale to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-046109-4 ISBN-10: 0-13-046109-1 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 10 10 9 09 8 7 08 6 07 5 06 4 3 Typeset in 10/121/2pt Minion by 35 Printed and bound by Scotprint, Haddington
BRIEF CONTENTS Guided tour Foreword Preface to the third edition Publisher’s acknowledgements Introduction Part 1 FOUNDATIONS Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 The human The computer The interaction Paradigms Part 2 DESIGN PROCESS Interaction design basics HCI in the software process Design rules Implementation support Evaluation techniques Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Universal design Chapter 11 User support Part 3 MODELS AND THEORIES Chapter 12 Cognitive models Chapter 13 Socio-organizational issues and stakeholder requirements xiv xvi xix xxiii 1 9 11 59 123 164 189 191 225 258 289 318 365 395 417 419 450
vi Brief Contents Chapter 14 Communication and collaboratio0n models Chapter 15 Task analysis Chapter 16 Dialog notations and design Chapter 17 Models of the system Chapter 18 Modeling rich interaction Part 4 OUTSIDE THE BOX Chapter 19 Groupware Chapter 20 Ubiquitous computing and augmented realities Chapter 21 Hypertext, multimedia and the world wide web References Index 475 510 544 594 629 661 663 716 748 791 817
CONTENTS Guided tour Foreword Preface to the third edition Publisher’s acknowledgements Introduction Part 1 FOUNDATIONS Chapter 1 The human Introduction Input–output channels Design Focus: Getting noticed Design Focus: Where’s the middle? 1.1 1.2 1.3 Human memory Design Focus: Cashing in Design Focus: 7 ± 2 revisited 1.4 Thinking: reasoning and problem solving 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Design Focus: Human error and false memories Emotion Individual differences Psychology and the design of interactive systems Summary Exercises Recommended reading Chapter 2 The computer Introduction 2.1 2.2 Text entry devices Design Focus: Numeric keypads Positioning, pointing and drawing 2.3 xiv xvi xix xxiii 1 9 11 12 13 16 22 27 30 32 39 49 51 52 53 55 56 57 59 60 63 67 71
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