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Contents
Introduction
Again with the ``Pragmatic''?
Consider the Context
Everyone Is Talking About This Stuff
Where We're Going
Grateful Acknowledgments
Journey from Novice to Expert
Novices vs. Experts
The Five Dreyfus Model Stages
Dreyfus at Work: Herding Racehorses and Racing Sheep
Using the Dreyfus Model Effectively
Beware the Tool Trap
Consider the Context, Again
Day-to-Day Dreyfus
This Is Your Brain
Your Dual-CPU Modes
Capture Insight 24x7
Linear and Rich Characteristics
Rise of the R-mode
R-mode Sees Forest; L-mode Sees Trees
DIY Brain Surgery and Neuroplasticity
How Do You Get There?
Get in Your Right Mind
Turn Up the Sensory Input
Draw on the Right Side
Engage an R-mode to L-mode Flow
Harvest R-mode Cues
Harvesting Patterns
Get It Right
Debug Your Mind
Meet Your Cognitive Biases
Recognize Your Generational Affinity
Codifying Your Personality Tendencies
Exposing Hardware Bugs
Now I Don't Know What to Think
Learn Deliberately
What Learning Is...and Isn't
Target SMART Objectives
Create a Pragmatic Investment Plan
Use Your Primary Learning Mode
Work Together, Study Together
Use Enhanced Learning Techniques
Read Deliberately with SQ3R
Visualize Insight with Mind Maps
Harness the Real Power of Documenting
Learn by Teaching
Take It to the Streets
Gain Experience
Play in Order to Learn
Leverage Existing Knowledge
Embed Failing in Practice
Learn About the Inner Game
Pressure Kills Cognition
Imagination Overrides Senses
Learn It like an Expert
Manage Focus
Increase Focus and Attention
Defocus to Focus
Manage Your Knowledge
Optimize Your Current Context
Manage Interruptions Deliberately
Keep a Big Enough Context
How to Stay Sharp
Beyond Expertise
Effective Change
What to Do Tomorrow Morning
Beyond Expertise
Photo Credits
Bibliography
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Prepared exclusively for Edwin Chen
What people are saying about Pragmatic Thinking and Learning This book will be the catalyst for your future. Patrick Elder Agile Software Developer By following Andy’s concrete steps, you can make your most pre- cious asset—your brain—more efficient and productive. Read this book, and do what Andy tells you to do. You’ll think smarter, work better, and learn more than ever before. Bert Bates Cocreator of Head First, Brain Friendly Books I’ve always been looking for something to help me improve my learning skills, but I’ve never found anything as effective as this book. Pragmatic Thinking and Learning represents the best way to help you become an expert learner, improve your skills, and teach you how to improve your work efficiency by learning fast and easily. Oscar Del Ben Software developer I love books that explain that context matters. This book does— and helps you understand why. From the Dreyfus model (a source of many “aha’s” for me) to explaining why experiential training works (the wall climbing story), Andy writes with humor and with tact so you can learn from reading and organize your own think- ing and learning. Johanna Rothman Consultant, author and speaker
This is an accessible and insightful book that will be useful to readers in many fields. I enjoyed reading it! Dr. Patricia Benner Professor and Chair, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco Finished reading the beta last night. I loved this talk at NFJS (and the herding racehorses one), and to have it in book form— spectacular. All of this material has really changed my life! Matt McKnight Software developer This has been fun, and I’ve learned a lot—can’t ask for more than that. Linda Rising International speaker, consultant, and object-oriented expert Prepared exclusively for Edwin Chen
Prepared exclusively for Edwin Chen
Pragmatic Thinking and Learning Refactor Your “Wetware” Andy Hunt The Pragmatic Bookshelf Raleigh, North Carolina Dallas, Texas Prepared exclusively for Edwin Chen
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and The Pragmatic Programmers, LLC was aware of a trademark claim, the desig- nations have been printed in initial capital letters or in all capitals. The Pragmatic Starter Kit, The Pragmatic Programmer, Pragmatic Programming, Pragmatic Book- shelf and the linking g device are trademarks of The Pragmatic Programmers, LLC. Information contained in this book is intended as an educational aid only. Infor- mation is not intended as medical advice for any individual condition or treatment, and is not a substitute for professional medical care. Every precaution was taken in the preparation of this book. However, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages that may result from the use of information (including program listings) contained herein. Our Pragmatic courses, workshops, and other products can help you and your team create better software and have more fun. For more information, as well as the latest Pragmatic titles, please visit us at http://www.pragprog.com Copyright © 2008 Andy Hunt. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN-10: 1-934356-05-0 ISBN-13: 978-1-934356-05-0 Printed on acid-free paper. P1.0 printing, October 2008 Version: 2008-10-3 Prepared exclusively for Edwin Chen
For my wife and children, and for everyone who becomes what they think. Prepared exclusively for Edwin Chen
CONTENTS 8 Prepared exclusively for Edwin Chen this copy is (P1.0 printing, October 2008) Report erratum
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