Applied Soil Mechanics with ABAQUS Applications-Sam Halwany.pdf

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APPLIED SOIL MECHANICS with ABAQUS Applications SAM HELWANY JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

Copyright  2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published simultaneously in Canada Wiley Bicentennial Logo: Richard J. Paciﬁco No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 759-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and speciﬁcally disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or ﬁtness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of proﬁt or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the U.S. at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print, however, may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Helwany, Sam, 1958- Applied soil mechanics with ABAQUS applications / Sam Helwany. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-471-79107-2 (cloth) 1. Soil mechanics. 2. Finite element method. 3. ABAQUS. I. Title. TA710.H367 2007 624.1’5136–dc22 2006022830 Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

To the memory of my parents

CONTENTS PREFACE 1 PROPERTIES OF SOIL 1.1 1.2 Soil Formation / 1 Physical Parameters of Soils / 3 1.2.1 Relative Density / 7 1.3 Mechanical Properties of Soil / 8 1.3.1 Sieve Analysis / 8 1.3.2 Hydrometer Analysis / 10 Soil Consistency / 11 1.4.1 Liquid Limit / 12 1.4.2 Plastic Limit / 12 1.4.3 Shrinkage Limit / 12 Plasticity Chart / 13 Classiﬁcation Systems / 14 Compaction / 16 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 2 ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY 2.1 2.2 Introduction / 21 Stress Matrix / 22 xiii 1 21 vii

viii CONTENTS 2.3 Elasticity / 23 2.3.1 Three-Dimensional Stress Condition / 23 2.3.2 Uniaxial Stress Condition / 24 2.3.3 Plane Strain Condition / 25 2.3.4 Plane Stress Condition / 27 Plasticity / 28 2.4 2.5 Modiﬁed Cam Clay Model / 28 2.5.1 Normal Consolidation Line and Unloading–Reloading Lines / 30 2.5.2 Critical-State Line / 33 2.5.3 Yield Function / 36 2.5.4 Hardening and Softening Behavior / 36 2.5.5 Elastic Moduli for Soil / 38 2.5.6 Summary of Modiﬁed Cam Clay Model Parameters / 39 2.5.7 2.5.8 Calculations of the Consolidated–Drained Stress–Strain Incremental Plastic Strains / 40 Behavior of a Normally Consolidated Clay Using the Modiﬁed Cam Clay Model / 42 2.5.9 Step-by-Step Calculation Procedure for a CD Triaxial Test on NC Clays / 44 2.5.10 Calculations of the Consolidated–Undrained Stress–Strain Behavior of a Normally Consolidated Clay Using the Modiﬁed Cam Clay Model / 47 2.5.11 Step-by-Step Calculation Procedure for a CU Triaxial Test on NC Clays / 49 2.6 2.7 2.5.12 Comments on the Modiﬁed Cam Clay Model / 53 Stress Invariants / 53 2.6.1 Decomposition of Stresses / 55 Strain Invariants / 57 2.7.1 Decomposition of Strains / 57 Extended Cam Clay Model / 58 2.8 2.9 Modiﬁed Drucker–Prager/Cap Model / 61 2.9.1 Flow Rule / 63 2.9.2 Model Parameters / 64 2.10 Lade’s Single Hardening Model / 68 2.10.1 Elastic Behavior / 68 2.10.2 Failure Criterion / 68 2.10.3 Plastic Potential and Flow Rule / 69 2.10.4 Yield Criterion / 72

CONTENTS ix 2.10.5 Predicting Soil’s Behavior Using Lade’s Model: CD Triaxial Test Conditions / 82 3 STRESSES IN SOIL 90 3.1 3.2 3.3 Introduction / 90 In Situ Soil Stresses / 90 3.2.1 No-Seepage Condition / 93 3.2.2 Upward-Seepage Conditions / 97 3.2.3 Capillary Rise / 99 Stress Increase in a Semi-Inﬁnite Soil Mass Caused by External Loading / 101 3.3.1 Stresses Caused by a Point Load (Boussinesq Solution) / 102 3.3.2 Stresses Caused by a Line Load / 104 3.3.3 Stresses Under the Center of a Uniformly Loaded Circular 3.3.4 Stresses Caused by a Strip Load (B/L ≈ 0) / 114 3.3.5 Stresses Caused by a Uniformly Loaded Rectangular Area / 109 Area / 116 4 CONSOLIDATION 124 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Introduction / 124 One-Dimensional Consolidation Theory / 125 4.2.1 Drainage Path Length / 127 4.2.2 One-Dimensional Consolidation Test / 127 Calculation of the Ultimate Consolidation Settlement / 131 Finite Element Analysis of Consolidation Problems / 132 4.4.1 One-Dimensional Consolidation Problems / 133 4.4.2 Two-Dimensional Consolidation Problems / 147 5 SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL 162 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Introduction / 162 Direct Shear Test / 163 Triaxial Compression Test / 170 5.3.1 Consolidated–Drained Triaxial Test / 172 5.3.2 Consolidated–Undrained Triaxial Test / 180 5.3.3 Unconsolidated–Undrained Triaxial Test / 185 5.3.4 Unconﬁned Compression Test / 186 Field Tests / 186 5.4.1 Field Vane Shear Test / 187

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