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Cloud Computing Principles Systems and Applications.pdf
Cover
Cloud Computing
Computer Communications and Networks series
ISBN 1849962405
Foreword
Preface
Introduction
Expected Audience
Book Overview
Part 1: Cloud Base
Part 2: Cloud Seeding
Part 3: Cloud Breaks
Part 4: Cloud Feedback
Contents
Part I
Cloud Base
Chapter 1: Tools and Technologies for Building Clouds
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Cloud Services and Enabling Technologies
1.2 Virtualization Technology
1.2.1 Virtual Machines
1.2.2 Virtualization Platforms
1.2.3 Virtual Infrastructure Management
1.2.4 Cloud Infrastructure Manager
1.3 The MapReduce System
1.3.1 Hadoop MapReduce Overview
1.4 Web Services
1.4.1 RPC (Remote Procedure Call)
1.4.2 SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture)
1.4.3 REST (Representative State Transfer)
1.4.4 Mashup
1.4.5 Web Services in Practice
1.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: A Taxonomy, Survey, and Issues of Cloud Computing Ecosystems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Background and Related Work
2.3 Taxonomy of Cloud Computing
2.3.1 Cloud Architecture
2.3.1.1 Services and Modes of Cloud Computing
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
Hardware-as-a-Service (HaaS)
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)
2.3.2 Virtualization Management
2.3.3 Core Services
2.3.3.1 Discovery and Replication
2.3.3.2 Load Balancing
2.3.3.3 Resource Management
2.3.4 Data Governance
2.3.4.1 Interoperability
2.3.4.2 Data Migration
2.3.5 Management Services
2.3.5.1 Deployment and Configuration
2.3.5.2 Monitoring and Reporting
2.3.5.3 Service-Level Agreements (SLAs) Management
2.3.5.4 Metering and Billing
2.3.5.5 Provisioning
2.3.6 Security
2.3.6.1 Encryption/Decryption
2.3.6.2 Privacy and Federated Identity
2.3.6.3 Authorization and Authentication
2.3.7 Fault Tolerance
2.4 Classification and Comparison between Cloud Computing Ecosystems
2.5 Findings
2.5.1 Cloud Computing Infrastructure Technologyand Solution Provider
2.5.2 Cloud Computing PaaS and SaaS Provider
2.5.3 Open Source Based Cloud Computing Services
2.6 Comments on Issues and Opportunities
2.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Towards a Taxonomy for Cloud Computing from an e-Science Perspective
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Scientific Workflows and e-Science
3.2.1 Scientific Workflows
3.2.2 Scientific Workflow Management Systems
3.2.3 Important Aspects of In Silico Experiments
3.3 A Taxonomy for Cloud Computing
3.3.1 Business Model
3.3.2 Privacy
3.3.3 Pricing
3.3.4 Architecture
3.3.5 Technology Infrastructure
3.3.6 Access
3.3.7 Standards
3.3.8 Orientation
3.4 Classifying Cloud Computing Environments Using the Taxonomy
3.5 Taxonomies for Cloud Computing
3.6 Conclusions and Final Remarks
References
Chapter 4: Examining Cloud Computingfrom the Perspective of Grid and Computer-Supported Cooperative Work
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Cloud and Grid: A Comparison
4.2.1 A Retrospective View
4.2.2 Comparison from the Viewpoint of System
4.2.3 Comparison from the Viewpoint of Users
4.2.4 A Summary
4.3 Examining Cloud Computing from the CSCW Perspective
4.3.1 CSCW Findings
4.3.2 The Anatomy of Cloud Computing
4.3.2.1 Security and Privacy
4.3.2.2 Data and/or Vendor Lock-In
4.3.2.3 Service Availability/Reliability
4.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Overview of Cloud Standards
5.1 Overview – Cloud Standards – What and Why?
5.2 Deep Dive: Interoperability Standards
5.2.1 Purpose, Expectations and Challenges
5.2.2 Initiatives – Focus, Sponsors and Status
5.2.3 Market Adoption
5.2.4 Gaps/Areas of Improvement
5.3 Deep Dive: Security Standards
5.3.1 Purpose, Expectations and Challenges
5.3.2 Initiatives – Focus, Sponsors and Status
5.3.3 Market Adoption
5.3.4 Gaps/Areas of Improvement
5.4 Deep Dive: Portability Standards
5.4.1 Purpose, Expectations and Challenges
5.4.2 Initiatives – Focus, Sponsors and Status
5.4.3 Market Adoption
5.4.4 Gaps/Areas of Improvement
5.5 Deep Dive: Governance, Risk Managementand Compliance Standards
5.5.1 Purpose, Expectations and Challenges
5.5.2 Initiatives – Focus, Sponsors and Status
5.5.3 Market Adoption
5.5.4 Gaps/Areas of Improvement
5.6 Deep Dive: Other Key Standards
5.6.1 Initiatives – Focus, Sponsors and Status
5.7 Closing Notes
References
Part II
Cloud Seeding
Chapter 6: Open and Interoperable Clouds: The Cloud@Home Way
6.1 Introduction and Motivation
6.2 Cloud@Home Overview
6.2.1 Issues, Challenges, and Open Problems
6.2.2 Basic Architecture
6.2.2.1 Software Environment
6.2.2.2 Software Infrastructure
6.2.2.3 Software Kernel
6.2.2.4 Firmware/Hardware
6.2.3 Application Scenarios
6.3 Cloud@Home Core Structure
6.3.1 Management Subsystem
6.3.2 Resource Subsystem
6.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: A Peer-to-Peer Framework for Supporting MapReduce Applications in Dynamic Cloud Environments
7.1 Introduction
7.2 MapReduce
7.3 P2P-MapReduce
7.3.1 Architecture
7.3.2 Implementation
7.3.2.1 Basic Mechanisms
Resource Discovery
Network Maintenance
Job Submission and Failure Recovery
7.3.2.2 State Diagram and Software Modules
7.3.3 Evaluation
7.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Enhanced Network Support for Scalable Computing Clouds
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Cloud Evolution
8.3 Improved Network Support for Cloud Computing
8.3.1 Why the Internet is Not Enough?
8.3.2 Transparent Optical Networks for Cloud Applications: The Dedicated Bandwidth Paradigm
8.4 Architecture and Implementation Details
8.4.1 Traffic Management and Control Plane Facilities
8.4.2 Service Plane and Interfaces
8.4.2.1 Providing Network Services to Cloud-Computing Infrastructures
8.4.2.2 The Cloud Operating System–Network Interface
8.5 Proof of Concept Implementationand Performance Analysis
8.5.1 The Prototype Details
8.5.1.1 The Underlying Network Infrastructure
8.5.1.2 The Prototype Cloud Network Control Logic and its Services
8.5.2 Performance Evaluation and Results Discussion
8.6 Related Work
8.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: YML-PC: A Reference Architecture Based on Workflow for Building Scientific Private Clouds
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Overview of YML
9.3 Design and Implementation of YML-PC
9.3.1 Concept Stack of Cloud Platform
9.3.2 Design of YML-PC
9.3.3 Core Design and Implementation of YML-PC
9.4 Primary Experiments on YML-PC
9.4.1 YML-PC Can Be Scaled Up Very Easily
9.4.2 Data Persistence in YML-PC
9.4.3 Schedule Mechanism in YML-PC
9.5 Conclusion and Future Work
References
Chapter 10: An Efficient Framework for Running Applications on Clusters, Grids, and Clouds
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Related Work
10.2.1 General View of Cloud Computing frameworks
10.2.2 Cloud Computing Middleware
10.3 Deploying Applications in the Cloud
10.3.1 Benchmarking the Cloud
10.3.2 The ProActive GCM Deployment
10.3.3 Technical Solutions for Deployment over Heterogeneous Infrastructures
10.3.3.1 Virtual Private Network (VPN)
10.3.3.2 Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)
10.3.3.3 Message Forwarding and Tunneling
10.3.4 Conclusion and Motivation for Mixing
10.4 Moving HPC Applications from Grids to Clouds
10.4.1 HPC on Heterogeneous Multi-Domain Platforms
10.4.2 The Hierarchical SPMD Concept and Multi-level Partitioning of Numerical Meshes
10.4.3 The GCM/ProActive-Based Lightweight Framework
10.4.4 Performance Evaluation
10.5 Dynamic Mixing of Clusters, Grids, and Clouds
10.5.1 The ProActive Resource Manager
10.5.2 Cloud Bursting: Managing Spike Demand
10.5.3 Cloud Seeding: Dealing with Heterogeneous Hardware and Private Data
10.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Resource Management for Hybrid Grid and Cloud Computing
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Background
11.2.1 ASKALON
11.2.2 Cloud Computing
11.3 Resource Management Architecture
11.3.1 Cloud Management
11.3.2 Image Catalog
11.3.3 Security
11.4 Evaluation
11.5 Related Work
11.6 Conclusions and Future Work
References
Chapter 12: Peer-to-Peer Cloud Provisioning: Service Discovery and Load-Balancing
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Layered Peer-to-Peer Cloud Provisioning Architecture
12.3 Current State-of-the-Art and Practice in Cloud Provisioning
12.4 Cloud Service Discovery and Load-Balancing Using DHT Overlay
12.4.1 Distributed Hash Tables
12.4.2 Designing Complex Services over DHTs
12.5 Cloud Peer Software Fabric: Design and Implementation
12.5.1 Overlay Construction
12.5.2 Multidimensional Query Indexing
12.5.3 Multidimensional Query Routing
12.5.4 Designing Decentralized and Co-ordinated Load-Balancing Mechanism
12.6 Experiments and Evaluation
12.6.1 Cloud Peer Details
12.6.2 Aneka: PaaS Layer Application Provisioning and Management Service
12.6.3 Test Application
12.6.4 Deployment of Test Services on Amazon EC2 Platform
12.7 Results and Discussions
12.8 Conclusions and Path Forward
References
Chapter 13: Mixing Grids and Clouds: High-Throughput Science Using the Nimrod Tool Family
13.1 Introduction
13.2 High-Throughput Science with the Nimrod Tools
13.2.1 The Nimrod Tool Family
13.2.2 Nimrod and the Grid
13.2.3 Scheduling in Nimrod
13.3 Extensions to Support Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud
13.3.1 The Nimrod Architecture
13.3.2 The EC2 Actuator
13.3.3 Additions to the Schedulers
13.4 A Case Study in High-Throughput Science and Economic Scheduling
13.4.1 Introduction and Background
13.4.2 Computational Requirements
13.4.3 The Experiment
13.4.4 Computational and Economic Results
13.4.5 Scientific Results
13.5 Conclusions
References
Part III
Cloud Breaks
Chapter 14: Cloud Compliance: A Framework for Using Cloud Computing in a Regulated World
14.1 Using the Cloud
14.1.1 Overview
14.1.2 Background
14.1.3 Requirements and Obligations
14.1.3.1 Regional Laws
14.1.3.2 Industry Regulations
14.2 Cloud Compliance
14.2.1 Information Security Organization
14.2.2 Data Classification
14.2.2.1 Classifying Data and Systems
14.2.2.2 Specific Type of Data of Concern
14.2.2.3 Labeling
14.2.3 Access Control and Connectivity
14.2.3.1 Authentication and Authorization
14.2.3.2 Accounting and Auditing
14.2.3.3 Encrypting Data in Motion
14.2.3.4 Encrypting Data at Rest
14.2.4 Risk Assessments
14.2.4.1 Threat and Risk Assessments
14.2.4.2 Business Impact Assessments
14.2.4.3 Privacy Impact Assessments
14.2.5 Due Diligence and Provider Contract Requirements
14.2.5.1 ISO Certification
14.2.5.2 SAS 70 Type II
14.2.5.3 PCI PA DSS or Service Provider
14.2.5.4 Portability and Interoperability
14.2.5.5 Right to Audit
14.2.5.6 Service Level Agreements
14.2.6 Other Considerations
14.2.6.1 Disaster Recovery/Business Continuity
14.2.6.2 Governance Structure
14.2.6.3 Incident Response Plan
14.3 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 15: Cloud Computing – Data Confidentiality and Interoperability Challenges
15.1 Confidentiality of Data and Principal Issues Globally: An Overview
15.1.1 Location of Cloud Data and Applicable Laws
15.1.2 Data Concerns Within a European Context
15.1.3 Government Data
15.1.4 Trust
15.1.5 Interoperability and Standardization in Cloud Computing
15.1.6 Open Grid Forum’s (OGF) Production Grid Interoperability Working Group (PGI-WG) Charter
15.1.7 Achievements in the OGF Open Cloud Computing Interface (OGF-OCCI)
15.1.7.1 What will OCCI Provide?
15.1.7.2 Cloud Data Management Interface (CDMI)
15.1.7.3 How it Works
15.1.8 SDOs and their Involvement with Clouds
15.1.9 An Example of Cloud Computing Interoperability at Microsoft
15.1.10 A Microsoft Cloud Interoperability Scenario
15.1.11 Opportunities for Public Authorities
15.1.12 Future Market Drivers and Challenges
15.1.13 Priorities Moving Forward
15.2 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16: Security Issues to Cloud Computing
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Cloud Computing (‘The Cloud’)
16.3 Understanding Risks to Cloud Computing
16.3.1 Privacy Issues
16.3.2 Data Ownership and Content Disclosure Issues
16.3.3 Data Confidentiality
16.3.4 Data Location
16.3.5 Control Issues
16.3.6 Regulatory and Legislative Compliance
16.3.7 Forensic Evidence Issues
16.3.8 Auditing Issues
16.3.9 Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Issues
16.3.10 Trust Issues
16.3.11 Security Policy Issues
16.3.12 Emerging Threats to Cloud Computing
16.4 Cloud Security Relationship Framework
16.4.1 Security Requirements in the Clouds
16.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Securing the Cloud
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 What Is Security?
17.2 ISO 27002 Gap Analyses
17.2.1 Asset Management
17.2.2 Communications and Operations Management
17.2.3 Information Systems Acquisition, Development, and Maintenance
17.2.4 Information Security Incident Management
17.2.5 Compliance
17.3 Security Recommendations
17.4 Case Studies
17.4.1 Private Cloud: Fortune 100 Company
17.4.2 Public Cloud: Amazon.com
17.5 Summary and Conclusion
References
Part IV
Cloud Feedback
Chapter 18: Technologies for Enforcement and Distribution of Policy in Cloud Architectures
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Decoupling Policy from Applications
18.2.1 Overlap of Concerns Between the PEP and PDP
18.2.2 Patterns for Binding PEPs to Services
18.2.3 Agents
18.2.4 Intermediaries
18.3 PEP Deployment Patterns in the Cloud
18.3.1 Software-as-a-Service Deployment
18.3.2 Platform-as-a-Service Deployment
18.3.3 Infrastructure-as-a-Service Deployment
18.3.4 Alternative Approaches to IaaS Policy Enforcement
18.3.5 Basic Web Application Security
18.3.6 VPN-Based Solutions
18.4 Challenges to Deploying PEPs in the Cloud
18.4.1 Performance Challenges in the Cloud
18.4.2 Strategies for Fault Tolerance
18.4.3 Strategies for Scalability
18.4.4 Clustering
18.4.5 Acceleration Strategies
18.4.5.1 Accelerating Message Processing
18.4.5.2 Acceleration of Cryptographic Operations
18.4.6 Transport Content Coding
18.4.7 Security Challenges in the Cloud
18.4.8 The PEP Air Gap
18.4.9 Binding PEPs and Applications
18.4.9.1 Intermediary Isolation
18.4.9.2 The Protected Application Stack
18.4.10 Authentication and Authorization
18.4.11 Clock Synchronization
18.4.12 Management Challenges in the Cloud
18.4.13 Audit, Logging, and Metrics
18.4.14 Repositories
18.4.15 Provisioning and Distribution
18.4.16 Policy Synchronization and Views
18.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: The PRISM On-demand Digital Media Cloud
19.1 Introduction and Background
19.2 A Media Service Cloud for Traditional Broadcasting
19.2.1 Gridcast the PRISM Cloud 0.12
19.3 An On-demand Digital Media Cloud
19.4 PRISM Cloud Implementation
19.4.1 Cloud Resources
19.4.2 Cloud Service Deployment and Management
19.5 The PRISM Deployment
19.6 Summary
19.7 Content Note
References
Chapter 20: Cloud Economics: Principles, Costs, and Benefits
20.1 Cloud Computing Reference Model
20.2 Cloud Economics
20.2.1 Economic Context
20.2.2 Economic Benefits
20.2.3 Economic Costs
20.2.4 Company Size, Economic Costs, and Benefits of Cloud Computing
20.2.5 The Economics of Green Clouds
20.3 Quality of Experience in the Cloud
20.4 Monetization Models in the Cloud
20.5 Charging in the Cloud
20.5.1 Existing Models of Charging
20.5.1.1 On-Demand IaaS Instances
20.5.1.2 Reserved IaaS Instances
20.5.1.3 PaaS Charging
20.5.1.4 Cloud Vendor Pricing Model
20.5.1.5 Interprovider Charging
20.6 Taxation in the Cloud
References
Chapter 21: Towards Application-Specific Service Level Agreements: Experiments in Clouds and Grids
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Background
21.3 Experiment
21.3.1 Target Application: Value at Risk
21.3.2 Target Systems
21.3.2.1 Condor
21.3.2.2 Amazon EC2
21.3.2.3 Eucalyptus
21.3.3 Results
21.3.4 Job Completion
21.3.5 Cost
21.4 Conclusions and Future Work
References
Index
Computer Communications and Networks
For other titles published in this series, go to
www.springer.com/series/4198
The Computer Communications and Networks series is a range of textbooks,
monographs and handbooks. It sets out to provide students, researchers and non-
specialists alike with a sure grounding in current knowledge, together with compre-
hensible access to the latest developments in computer communications and
networking.
Emphasis is placed on clear and explanatory styles that support a tutorial approach,
so that even the most complex of topics is presented in a lucid and intelligible
manner.
Nick Antonopoulos • Lee Gillam
Editors
Cloud Computing
Principles, Systems and Applications
Editors
Nick Antonopoulos
University of Derby
School of Computing and Mathematics
Kedleston Road, DE22 1GB
Derby
UK
N.Antonopoulos@derby.ac.uk
Lee Gillam
University of Surrey
Department of Computing
Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH
UK
L.Gillam@surrey.ac.uk
Series Editor
Professor A.J. Sammes, BSc, MPhil, PhD, FBCS, CEng
Centre for Forensic Computing
Cranfield University
DCMT, Shrivenham
Swindon SN6 8LA
UK
ISBN 978-1-84996-240-7
DOI 10.1007/978-1-84996-241-4
Springer London Dordrecht New York Heidelberg
e-ISBN 978-1-84996-241-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2010930920
© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted
under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case
of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing
Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of
a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore
free for general use.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information
contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions
that may be made.
Cover design: SPi, Puducherry, India
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Foreword
Cloud computing is increasingly being used for what was known as ‘on-demand’
and ‘utility computing’. The services provided, the APIs and the applications that
can be hosted by these Cloud providers have superseded the use of the Grid, and
are increasingly becoming popular with users. There are obviously two sides to the
services that are provided by Cloud providers: those that are supplied by commer-
cial entities, such as Amazon and Google, and those that are open-source systems,
such as Open Cirrus1 and Eucalyptus.2
There are currently three cloud-based delivery models. Software as a Service
(SaaS), where the consumer uses an application, but does not control the operating
system, hardware or network infrastructure. In this situation, the user steers applica-
tions over the network. Next is Platform as a Service (PaaS), where the users host an
environment for their applications. The users control the applications, but do not
control the operating system, hardware or network infrastructure, which they are
using. Finally, there is Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), where the user accesses
‘fundamental computing resources’ such as CPU, memory, middleware and storage.
The consumer controls the resources, but not the cloud infrastructure beneath them.
Service providers try to provide simplified software installation, maintenance
and a centralised control over the software used. The end-users can access the
cloud-based services ‘anytime’ and from ‘anywhere’. Naturally, this type of access
is based on the bandwidth that a user has over the Internet and therefore poor inter-
connections mean that the use of cloud-based resources is not viable. Unfortunately,
most current cloud-based systems use different APIs and protocols, which means
that collaboration and sharing of data is difficult at this point in time. It is interest-
ing that the Open Grid Forum is looking at Cloud-based API and protocols, so that
systems can share and work together in the future.
Many users and organisations are uncomfortable with the idea of storing their
data and applications on system infrastructure and services they do not control. In
addition, migrating workloads to a shared infrastructure increases the potential for
unauthorised access and exposure of sensitive data. Cloud-based systems need to
1 Open Cirrus, http://opencirrus.org/
2 Eucalyptus, http://open.eucalyptus.com/
v
vi
Foreword
be consistent around authentication, identity management, compliance and
access-related technologies, which are becoming increasingly important. Within
the cloud-security model, the user needs to trust the vendor’s security model, con-
sider a customer’s inability to respond to audit findings, potentially obtain support
for investigations, deem indirect administrator accountability, ensure that proprie-
tary implementations cannot be examined, and cope with the loss of physical con-
trol on the remote clouds being used. In addition, it may be a case that a user wants
to use sensitive data on a cloud-based system, in which case it would be useful to
be able to encrypt the data so that it is safe and cannot be stolen by other users.
There is also a need on cloud-based systems for Quality of Service (QoS) and
Service-Level Agreements (SLAs). The contract between customers and service
providers needs to be negotiated and agreed. Various performance metrics (e.g.,
uptime, throughput, and response time) need to be guaranteed to the users. Also,
certain management details need to be exposed to the users of the system. This
aspect of the service will require logging and efficient monitoring of the resources
used by the users, so that they can see that they are potentially accessing the
resources that were originally negotiated. There also needs to be well-documented
security capabilities provided to the users, and the providers must recompense users
where there are penalties for non-performance.
Cloud computing relies on separating user applications from the underlying
infrastructure using virtualisation. The host operating system provides an abstrac-
tion layer for executing a virtual guest operating system. A key aspect of virtualisa-
tion is the ‘hypervisor’ and potentially the ‘virtual machine monitor’. Cloud-based
systems use para-virtualisation, which includes a binary bus between the various
virtual machines that are being executed. Para-virtualisation provides a much faster
and more efficient virtualisation system than other virtual systems. Virtualisation
enables the guest operating systems to execute in isolation of the other operating
systems, and it also enables a range of legacy applications to be run. In addition, on
a Cloud-based system, it is possible to run multiple types of operating systems
across the system, which potentially also helps to increase the utilisation of physi-
cal servers. Virtualisation also allows the portability of virtual servers between
physical servers and it can increase the overall security of the physical host server.
It is well known for example that many HPC applications are only 15–20% effi-
cient, and it is possible when executing these applications on Cloud-based services
that overall there is better program efficiency. In addition, for HPC applications, the
system will also need to be able to schedule the virtual machines (VMs) efficiently,
as it will be important that the constituting parts of the application are placed
closely together to reduce communication latencies and give high inter-VM band-
width as well. Another aspect is that the Cloud-based systems have the possibility
to optimise the use of resources, reduce the amount of electrical power used as well
as the capability to provide efficient Green IT computing.
An unfortunate aspect of current Cloud-based systems is the hyperbolae and
publicity broadcast about them, without detailed information about the services,
protocols and applications that can be executed on these systems. Just like previous
distributed systems (e.g. CORBA, Jini and the Grid), it is very important for the
Foreword
vii
potential end-user to know about the architecture, services, protocols, inter-opera-
bility, security, scalability and performance, reliability, user interfaces and poten-
tially payment for services in the context of Cloud computing.
This book provides a thorough and timely examination and exploration of the
services, interfaces and the types of applications that can be executed on Cloud-
based systems. In addition, the book discusses the interfaces used to access the
underlying services, the pros/cons of using virtualisation, the range and scope of
applications that can be executed, the security used by these services, the user inter-
faces and aspects such as service-level agreements and the quality of service pro-
vided. The applications that execute on a Cloud-based system need a computational
model, storage capabilities and potentially inter-process/thread communication. In
addition, it is important to understand the scalability and performance capability of
the systems being used. This book covers a wide range of topics related to Clouds
and it includes chapters about tools and technologies for building Clouds, taxono-
mies of cloud-based systems and analysis of security and data confidentiality
issues. There are discussions about the interoperability challenges related to the
numerous protocols and APIs, methods for mixing Grids and Clouds together,
resource management tools, potential Peer-to-Peer cloud-based provisioning, the
policies, economics and costs-based benefits of Clouds, as well as Service-Level
Agreements in Grids and Cloud-based systems. Therefore, it will be a useful tool
for researchers and professionals aiming to understand and use Cloud systems for
scientific and commercial purposes.
University of Reading, UK
Winter 2010
M. Baker
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