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OFDM Baseband Receiver Design for Wireless Communications OFDM Baseband Receiver Design for Wireless Communications © 2007 John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-82234-0 Tzi-Dar Chiueh and Pei-Yun Tsai

OFDM Baseband Receiver Design for Wireless Communications Tzi-Dar Chiueh National Taiwan University, Taiwan Pei-Yun Tsai National Central University, Taiwan John Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd

Copyright ß 2007 John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop, # 02-01, Singapore 129809, tel: 65-64632400 Visit our Home Page on www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as expressly permitted by law, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate photocopy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center. Requests for permission should be addressed to the Publisher, fax: 65-64646912, email:enquiry@wiley.com.sg Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. All trademarks referred to in the text of this publication are the property of their respective owners. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Ofﬁces John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, UK John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 6045 Freemont Blvd, Mississauga, Ontario, L5R 4J3, Canada Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Anniversary Logo Design: Richard J. Paciﬁco Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chiueh, Tzi-Dar, 1960- OFDM Baseband receiver design for wireless communications / Tzi-Dar Chiueh, Pei-Yun Tsai. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-470-82234-0 (cloth) 1. Wireless communication systems. I. Tsai, Pei-Yun. II. Title. TK5103.2.C4657 2007 621. 384–dc22 ISBN 978-0-470-82234-0 (HB) 2007020124 Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Thomson Digital Noida, India Printed and bound in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

To my Dad Chin-Mu, my wife Jill, my daughter Joanne, and my son Kevin. –Tzi-Dar Chiueh To my families for their constant encouragement and support. –Pei-Yun Tsai

Contents Preface About the Authors Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 1.1 Wireless Communication Systems 1.1.1 Digital Broadcasting Systems 1.1.2 Mobile Cellular Systems 1.1.3 Wireless Network Systems Bibliography 2. Digital Modulation 2.1 Single-Carrier Modulation 2.1.1 Power Spectral Densities of Modulation Signals 2.1.2 PSK, QAM and ASK 2.1.3 CPFSK and MSK 2.1.4 Pulse Shaping and Windowing 2.2 Multi-Carrier Modulation 2.2.1 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 2.2.2 OFDM-Related Issues 2.2.3 OFDM Transceiver Architecture 2.2.4 OFDM System Examples Bibliography xi xv xvii 1 1 1 3 5 8 9 9 11 11 14 15 17 19 19 24 26 28

viii Contents 3. Multiple Access and Error-Correcting Codes 3.1 Multiple Access 3.1.1 Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 3.1.2 Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 3.1.3 Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 3.1.4 Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) 3.2 Spread Spectrum and CDMA 3.2.1 PN Codes 3.2.2 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum 3.2.3 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum 3.3 Error-Correcting Codes 3.3.1 Block Codes 3.3.2 Reed-Solomon Codes 3.3.3 Convolutional Codes 3.3.4 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes Bibliography 4. Signal Propagation and Channel Model 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Wireless Channel Propagation 4.2.1 Path Loss and Shadowing 4.2.2 Multipath Fading 4.2.3 Multipath Channel Parameters 4.3 Front-End Electronics Effects 4.3.1 Carrier Frequency Offset 4.3.2 Sampling Clock Offset 4.3.3 Phase Noise 4.3.4 IQ Imbalance and DC Offset 4.3.5 Power Ampliﬁer Nonlinearity 4.4 Channel Model 4.4.1 Model for Front-End Impairments 4.4.2 Multipath Rayleigh Fader Model 4.4.3 Channel Models Used in Standards Bibliography 5. Synchronization 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Synchronization Issues 5.2.1 Synchronization Errors 5.2.2 Effects of Synchronization Errors 5.2.3 Consideration for Estimation and Compensation 5.3 Detection/Estimation of Synchronization Errors 5.3.1 Symbol Timing Detection 5.3.2 Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation 31 31 31 31 33 34 35 35 38 40 41 42 45 48 53 56 59 59 59 60 61 62 68 68 69 70 70 73 74 75 77 78 84 85 85 86 86 86 90 91 91 100

Contents 5.3.3 Residual CFO and SCO Estimation 5.3.4 Carrier Phase Estimation 5.4 Recovery of Synchronization Errors 5.4.1 Carrier Frequency Offset Compensation 5.4.2 Sampling Clock Offset Compensation Bibliography 6. Channel Estimation and Equalization 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Pilot Pattern 6.3 Pilot-Based Channel Estimation 6.3.1 Channel Estimation by Block-Type Pilot Symbols 6.3.2 Channel Estimation by Comb-Type Pilot Symbols 6.3.3 Channel Estimation by Grid-Type Pilot Symbols 6.4 Adaptive Channel Estimation 6.5 Equalization 6.5.1 One-Tap Equalizer 6.5.2 Multiple-Tap Equalizer Bibliography 7. MIMO Techniques 7.1 Introduction 7.2 MIMO Basics 7.2.1 Capacity 7.2.2 Diversity 7.3 MIMO–OFDM 7.3.1 MIMO Pilot Pattern 7.3.2 MIMO–OFDM Synchronization 7.3.3 MIMO–OFDM Channel Estimation 7.4 MIMO Encoding and Detection 7.4.1 Space Block Codes 7.4.2 Spatial Multiplexing 7.4.3 Spatial De-correlation Bibliography 8. From Algorithm to Bit-True Design 8.1 Design Flow Overview 8.2 Effect of Additive Impairment Sources 8.3 Analog-to-Digital Conversion 8.3.1 ADC Distortions 8.3.2 Signal Probability Distributions 8.3.3 Dynamic Range and Precision Setting 8.4 Finite Precision Effect in Digital Baseband Processing 8.4.1 Fixed-Point Data Format 8.4.2 Fixed-Point Error Model ix 104 107 107 108 110 113 115 115 116 118 122 125 132 137 138 138 138 140 143 143 145 145 146 147 149 151 155 158 158 161 167 170 171 171 174 176 176 178 180 181 182 182

x Contents 8.4.3 Finite Precision Effect in FIR Filters 8.4.4 Finite Precision Effect in IIR Filters 8.5 Conversion from Floating-Point Design to Bit-True Design Interpolative Design Flow 8.5.1 Metrics for Performance Evaluation 8.5.2 8.5.3 Simulation-Based Approaches 8.5.4 Analytical Approaches Bibliography 9. Circuit Techniques 9.1 Introduction 9.2 FFT 9.2.1 FFT Algorithms 9.2.2 Architecture 9.2.3 Comparison 9.3 Delay Buffer 9.3.1 SRAM/Register File-Based Delay Buffer 9.3.2 Pointer-Based Delay Buffer 9.3.3 Gated Clock Strategy 9.3.4 Comparison 9.4 Circuits for Rectangular-to-Polar Conversion 9.4.1 Arctangent Function 9.4.2 Magnitude Function 9.4.3 Comparison 9.5 Circuits for Polar-to-Rectangular Conversion 9.5.1 Trigonometric Approximation 9.5.2 Polynomial Approximation 9.5.3 Comparison Bibliography 10. System Examples 10.1 MC-CDMA Downlink Receiver IC 10.1.1 System Description 10.1.2 Transmitter and Receiver Design 10.1.3 Circuit Design 10.1.4 Experimental Results 10.2 MIMO–OFDM Cognitive Radio Receiver IC 10.2.1 System Overview 10.2.2 Architecture and Circuit Design 10.2.3 Experimental Results Bibliography Index 187 188 189 190 190 192 192 194 195 195 195 196 201 206 208 209 211 212 214 216 216 221 225 225 228 229 230 231 233 233 234 234 238 241 243 243 245 250 252 255

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OFDM Baseband Receiver Design for Wireless Communications.pdf

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