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Ultra-wideband signals and systems in communication engineering.pdf

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    Ultra Wideband Signals and Systems in Communication Engineering
    Cover
    Content
    Preface
    Acknowledgments
    List of Figures
    List of Tables
    Introduction
    I.1 Ultra wideband overview
    I.2 A note on terminology
    I.3 Historical development of UWB
    I.4 Key benefits of UWB
    I.5 UWB and Shannon's theory
    I.6 Challenges for ultra wideband
    I.7 Summary
    1 Basic properties of UWB signals and systems
    1.1 Introduction
    1.2 Power spectral density
    1.3 Pulse shape
    1.4 Pulse trains
    1.5 Spectral masks
    1.6 Multipath
    1.7 Penetration characteristics
    1.8 Spatial and spectral capacities
    1.9 Speed of data transmission
    1.10 Cost
    1.11 Size
    1.12 Power consumption
    1.13 Summary
    2 Generation of ultra wideband waveforms
    2.1 Introduction
    2.1.1 Damped sine waves
    2.2 Gaussian waveforms
    2.3 Orthogonal waveforms and Hermite pulses
    2.3.1 Hermite polynomials
    2.3.2 Orthogonal modified Hermite pulses
    2.3.3 Modulated and modified Hermite pulses
    2.4 Orthogonal prolate spheroidal wave functions
    2.4.1 Introduction
    2.4.2 Fundamentals of PSWF
    2.4.3 PSWF pulse generator
    2.5 Designing waveforms for specific spectral masks
    2.5.1 Introduction
    2.5.2 Multi-band modulation
    2.6 Practical constraints and effects of imperfections
    2.7 Summary
    3 Signal-processing techniques for UWB systems
    3.1 The effects of lossy medium on an UWB transmitted signal
    3.2 Time domain analysis
    3.2.1 Classification of signals
    3.2.2 Some useful functions
    3.2.3 Some useful operations
    3.2.4 Classification of systems
    3.2.5 Impulse response
    3.2.6 Distortionless transmission
    3.3 Frequency domain techniques
    3.3.1 Fourier transforms
    3.3.2 Frequency response approaches
    3.3.3 Transfer function
    3.3.4 Laplace transform
    3.3.5 z-Transform
    3.3.6 The relationship between the Laplace transform, the Fourier transform, and the z-transform
    3.4 UWB signal-processing issues and algorithms
    3.5 Detection and amplification
    3.6 Summary
    4 Ultra wideband channel modeling
    4.1 A simplified UWB multipath channel model
    4.1.1 Number of resolvable multipath components
    4.1.2 Multipath delay spread
    4.1.3 Multipath intensity profile
    4.1.4 Multipath amplitude-fading distribution
    4.1.5 Multipath arrival times
    4.2 Path loss model
    4.2.1 Free space loss
    4.2.2 Refraction
    4.2.3 Reflection
    4.2.4 Diffraction
    4.2.5 Wave clutter
    4.2.6 Aperture-medium coupling loss
    4.2.7 Absorption
    4.2.8 Example of free space path loss model
    4.3 Two-ray UWB propagation model
    4.3.1 Two-ray path loss
    4.3.2 Two-ray path loss model
    4.3.3 Impact of path loss frequency selectivity on UWB transmission
    4.4 Frequency domain autoregressive model
    4.4.1 Poles of the AR model
    4.5 Summary
    5 Ultra wideband communications
    5.1 Introduction
    5.2 UWB modulation methods
    5.2.1 Pulse position modulation
    5.2.2 Bi-phase modulation
    5.3 Other modulation methods
    5.3.1 Orthogonal pulse modulation
    5.3.2 Pulse amplitude modulation
    5.3.3 On-off keying
    5.3.4 Summary of UWB modulation methods
    5.4 Pulse trains
    5.4.1 Gaussian pulse train
    5.4.2 PN channel coding
    5.4.3 Time-hopping PPM UWB system
    5.5 UWB transmitter
    5.6 UWB receiver
    5.6.1 Detection
    5.6.2 Pulse integration
    5.6.3 Tracking
    5.6.4 Rake receivers
    5.7 Multiple access techniques in UWB
    5.7.1 Frequency division multiple access UWB
    5.7.2 Time division multiple access
    5.7.3 Code division multiple access
    5.7.4 Orthogonal pulse multiple access system
    5.8 Capacity of UWB systems
    5.9 Comparison of UWB with other wideband communication systems
    5.9.1 CDMA
    5.9.2 Comparison of UWB with DSSS and FHSS
    5.9.3 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
    5.10 Interference
    5.10.1 Wireless local area networks
    5.10.2 Bluetooth
    5.10.3 GPS
    5.10.4 Cellular systems
    5.11 Summary
    6 Ultra wideband antennas and arrays
    6.1 Antenna fundamentals
    6.1.1 Maxwell's equations for free space
    6.1.2 Wavelength
    6.1.3 Antenna duality
    6.1.4 Impedance matching
    6.1.5 VSWR and reflected power
    6.1.6 Antenna bandwidth
    6.1.7 Directivity and gain
    6.1.8 Antenna field regions
    6.1.9 Antenna directional pattern
    6.1.10 Beamwidth
    6.2 Antenna radiation for UWB signals
    6.2.1 Dispersion due to near-field effects
    6.3 Suitability of conventional antennas for the UWB system
    6.3.1 Resonant antennas
    6.3.2 Nonresonant antennas
    6.3.3 Difficulties with UWB antenna design
    6.4 Impulse antennas
    6.4.1 Conical antenna
    6.4.2 Monopole antenna
    6.4.3 D-dot probe antenna
    6.4.4 TEM horn antenna
    6.4.5 Conclusion
    6.5 Beamforming for UWB signals
    6.5.1 Basic concepts
    6.5.2 A simple delay-line transmitter wideband array
    6.6 Radar UWB array systems
    6.7 Summary
    7 Position and location with ultra wideband signals
    7.1 Wireless positioning and location
    7.1.1 Types of wireless positioning systems
    7.1.2 Wireless distance measurement
    7.1.3 Microwave positioning systems
    7.2 Global positioning system techniques
    7.2.1 Differential GPS (DGPS)
    7.2.2 GPS tracking modes
    7.2.3 GPS error sources
    7.3 Positioning techniques
    7.3.1 Introduction
    7.3.2 Network-based techniques
    7.3.3 Handset-based techniques
    7.3.4 Hybrid techniques
    7.3.5 Other techniques
    7.4 Time resolution issues
    7.4.1 Narrowband systems
    7.4.2 Wideband systems
    7.4.3 Super-resolution techniques
    7.4.4 Ultra wideband systems
    7.5 UWB positioning and communications
    7.5.1 Potential user scenarios
    7.5.2 Potential applications
    7.6 Summary
    8 Applications using ultra wideband systems
    8.1 Military applications
    8.1.1 Precision asset location system
    8.2 Commercial applications
    8.2.1 Time Domain PulsON 200
    8.2.2 Time Domain UWB signal generator
    8.2.3 XtremeSpectrum
    8.2.4 Intel corporation
    8.2.5 Motorola
    8.2.6 Communication Research Laboratory
    8.2.7 General atomics
    8.2.8 Wisair
    8.2.9 Home networking and home electronics
    8.2.10 Precision asset location system
    8.3 Summary
    References
    Index
    Team-kB
    Ultra WidebandSignals and Systemsin CommunicationEngineeringM. GhavamiKing’s College London, UKL. B. MichaelJapanR. KohnoYokohama National University, JapanJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Ultra Wideband Signals and Systems in Communication Engineering
    Ultra WidebandSignals and Systemsin CommunicationEngineeringM. GhavamiKing’s College London, UKL. B. MichaelJapanR. KohnoYokohama National University, JapanJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Copyright ©2004John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, EnglandTelephone 01243 779777E-mail (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.ukVisit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.comAll Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs andPatents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing AgencyLtd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T4LP, UK, without the permission in writing ofthe Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department,John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ,England, or e-mailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243 770620.This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with on the understanding that the Publisher is notengaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. OtherWiley Editorial OfficesJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USAJossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA94103-1741, USAWiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, GermanyJohn Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, AustraliaJohn Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809John Wiley & Sons (Canada) Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Rexdale, Ontario, Canada M9W1L1Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataAcatalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 0-470-86751-5Typeset by the author using LaTex Software. Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire.This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
    ContentsPrefacexiiiAcknowledgmentsxviiListofFiguresxixListofTablesxxviiIntroduction1I.1Ultrawidebandoverview1I.2Anoteonterminology2I.3HistoricaldevelopmentofUWB2I.4KeybenefitsofUWB3I.5UWBandShannon’stheory4I.6Challengesforultrawideband5I.7Summary61BasicpropertiesofUWBsignalsandsystems71.1Introduction71.2Powerspectraldensity81.3Pulseshape9v
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