Learning Concurrent Programming in Scala.pdf

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Learning Concurrent Programming in Scala

Table of Contents

Learning Concurrent Programming in Scala

Credits

Foreword

About the Author

Acknowledgments

About the Reviewers

www.PacktPub.com

Support files, eBooks, discount offers, and more

Why subscribe?

Free access for Packt account holders

Preface

How this book is organized

What this book covers

What you need for this book

Installing the JDK

Installing and using SBT

Using Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA, or another IDE

Who this book is for

Conventions

Reader feedback

Customer support

Downloading the example code

Errata

Piracy

Questions

1. Introduction

Concurrent programming

A brief overview of traditional concurrency

Modern concurrency paradigms

The advantages of Scala

Preliminaries

Execution of a Scala program

A Scala primer

Summary

Exercises

2. Concurrency on the JVM and the Java Memory Model

Processes and Threads

Creating and starting threads

Atomic execution

Reordering

Monitors and synchronization

Deadlocks

Guarded blocks

Interrupting threads and the graceful shutdown

Volatile variables

The Java Memory Model

Immutable objects and final fields

Summary

Exercises

3. Traditional Building Blocks of Concurrency

The Executor and ExecutionContext objects

Atomic primitives

Atomic variables

Lock-free programming

Implementing locks explicitly

The ABA problem

Lazy values

Concurrent collections

Concurrent queues

Concurrent sets and maps

Concurrent traversals

Creating and handling processes

Summary

Exercises

4. Asynchronous Programming with Futures and Promises

Futures

Starting future computations

Future callbacks

Futures and exceptions

Using the Try type

Fatal exceptions

Functional composition on futures

Promises

Converting callback-based APIs

Extending the future API

Cancellation of asynchronous computations

Futures and blocking

Awaiting futures

Blocking in asynchronous computations

The Scala Async library

Alternative Future frameworks

Summary

Exercises

5. Data-Parallel Collections

Scala collections in a nutshell

Using parallel collections

Parallel collection class hierarchy

Configuring the parallelism level

Measuring the performance on the JVM

Caveats of parallel collections

Non-parallelizable collections

Non-parallelizable operations

Side effects in parallel operations

Nondeterministic parallel operations

Commutative and associative operators

Using parallel and concurrent collections together

Weakly consistent iterators

Implementing custom parallel collections

Splitters

Combiners

Alternative data-parallel frameworks

Collections hierarchy in ScalaBlitz

Summary

Exercises

6. Concurrent Programming with Reactive Extensions

Creating Observable objects

Observables and exceptions

The Observable contract

Implementing custom Observable objects

Creating Observables from futures

Subscriptions

Composing Observable objects

Nested observables

Failure handling in observables

Rx schedulers

Using custom schedulers for UI applications

Subjects and top-down reactive programming

Summary

Exercises

7. Software Transactional Memory

The trouble with atomic variables

Using Software Transactional Memory

Transactional references

Using the atomic statement

Composing transactions

The interaction between transactions and side effects

Single-operation transactions

Nesting transactions

Transactions and exceptions

Retrying transactions

Retrying with timeouts

Transactional collections

Transaction-local variables

Transactional arrays

Transactional maps

Summary

Exercises

8. Actors

Working with actors

Creating actor systems and actors

Managing unhandled messages

Actor behavior and state

Akka actor hierarchy

Identifying actors

The actor life cycle

Communication between actors

The ask pattern

The forward pattern

Stopping actors

Actor supervision

Remote actors

Summary

Exercises

9. Concurrency in Practice

Choosing the right tools for the job

Putting it all together – a remote file browser

Modeling the filesystem

The server interface

Client navigation API

The client user interface

Implementing the client logic

Improving the remote file browser

Debugging concurrent programs

Deadlocks and lack of progress

Debugging incorrect program outputs

Performance debugging

Summary

Exercises

Index

Table of Contents Learning Concurrent Programming in Scala Credits Foreword About the Author Acknowledgments About the Reviewers www.PacktPub.com Support files, eBooks, discount offers, and more Why subscribe? Free access for Packt account holders Preface How this book is organized What this book covers What you need for this book Installing the JDK Installing and using SBT Using Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA, or another IDE Who this book is for Conventions Reader feedback Customer support Downloading the example code Errata Piracy Questions 1. Introduction Concurrent programming A brief overview of traditional concurrency Modern concurrency paradigms The advantages of Scala Preliminaries Execution of a Scala program A Scala primer Summary Exercises 2

2. Concurrency on the JVM and the Java Memory Model Processes and Threads Creating and starting threads Atomic execution Reordering Monitors and synchronization Deadlocks Guarded blocks Interrupting threads and the graceful shutdown Volatile variables The Java Memory Model Immutable objects and final fields Summary Exercises 3. Traditional Building Blocks of Concurrency The Executor and ExecutionContext objects Atomic primitives Atomic variables Lock-free programming Implementing locks explicitly The ABA problem Lazy values Concurrent collections Concurrent queues Concurrent sets and maps Concurrent traversals Creating and handling processes Summary Exercises Futures Starting future computations Future callbacks Futures and exceptions Using the Try type Fatal exceptions Functional composition on futures Promises 3 4. Asynchronous Programming with Futures and Promises

Converting callback-based APIs Extending the future API Cancellation of asynchronous computations Futures and blocking Awaiting futures Blocking in asynchronous computations The Scala Async library Alternative Future frameworks Summary Exercises 5. Data-Parallel Collections Scala collections in a nutshell Using parallel collections Parallel collection class hierarchy Configuring the parallelism level Measuring the performance on the JVM Caveats of parallel collections Non-parallelizable collections Non-parallelizable operations Side effects in parallel operations Nondeterministic parallel operations Commutative and associative operators Using parallel and concurrent collections together Weakly consistent iterators Implementing custom parallel collections Splitters Combiners Summary Exercises Alternative data-parallel frameworks Collections hierarchy in ScalaBlitz 6. Concurrent Programming with Reactive Extensions Creating Observable objects Observables and exceptions The Observable contract Implementing custom Observable objects Creating Observables from futures Subscriptions 4

Composing Observable objects Nested observables Failure handling in observables Rx schedulers Using custom schedulers for UI applications Subjects and top-down reactive programming Summary Exercises 7. Software Transactional Memory The trouble with atomic variables Using Software Transactional Memory Transactional references Using the atomic statement Composing transactions The interaction between transactions and side effects Single-operation transactions Nesting transactions Transactions and exceptions Retrying transactions Retrying with timeouts Transactional collections Transaction-local variables Transactional arrays Transactional maps Summary Exercises 8. Actors Working with actors Creating actor systems and actors Managing unhandled messages Actor behavior and state Akka actor hierarchy Identifying actors The actor life cycle Communication between actors The ask pattern The forward pattern Stopping actors 5

Actor supervision Remote actors Summary Exercises 9. Concurrency in Practice Choosing the right tools for the job Putting it all together – a remote file browser Modeling the filesystem The server interface Client navigation API The client user interface Implementing the client logic Improving the remote file browser Debugging concurrent programs Deadlocks and lack of progress Debugging incorrect program outputs Performance debugging Summary Exercises Index 6

Learning Concurrent Programming in Scala 7

Learning Concurrent Programming in Scala Copyright © 2014 Packt Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews. Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book. Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information. First published: November 2014 Production reference: 1211114 Published by Packt Publishing Ltd. Livery Place 35 Livery Street Birmingham B3 2PB, UK. ISBN 978-1-78328-141-1 www.packtpub.com 8

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