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Mastering Linux Kernel Development.pdf
Preface
What this book covers
What you need for this book
Who this book is for
Conventions
Reader feedback
Customer support
Errata
Piracy
Questions
Comprehending Processes, Address Space, and Threads
Processes
The illusion called address space
Kernel and user space
Process context
Process descriptors
Process attributes - key elements
state
pid
tgid
thread info
flags
exit_code and exit_signal
comm
ptrace
Process relations - key elements
real_parent and parent
children
sibling
group_leader
Scheduling attributes - key elements
prio and static_prio
se, rt, and dl
policy
cpus_allowed
rt_priority
Process limits - key elements
File descriptor table - key elements
fs
files
Signal descriptor - key elements
signal
sighand
sigset_t blocked, real_blocked
pending
sas_ss_sp
sas_ss_size
Kernel stack
The issue of stack overflow
Process creation
fork()
Copy-on-write (COW)
exec
vfork()
Linux support for threads
clone()
Kernel threads
do_fork() and copy_process()
Process status and termination
wait
exit
Namespaces and cgroups
Mount namespaces
UTS namespaces
IPC namespaces
PID namespaces
Network namespaces
User namespaces
Cgroup namespaces
Control groups (cgroups)
Summary
Deciphering the Process Scheduler
Process schedulers
Linux process scheduler design
Runqueue
The scheduler's entry point
Process priorities
Scheduler classes
Completely Fair Scheduling class (CFS)
Computing priorities and time slices under CFS
CFS's runqueue
Group scheduling
Scheduling entities under many-core systems
Scheduling policies
Real-time scheduling class
FIFO
RR
Real-time group scheduling
Deadline scheduling class (sporadic task model deadline scheduling)
Scheduler related system calls
Processor affinity calls
Process preemption
Summary
Signal Management
Signals
Signal-management APIs
Raising signals from a program
Waiting for queued signals
Signal data structures
Signal descriptors
Blocked and pending queues
Signal handler descriptor
Signal generation and delivery
Signal-generation calls
Signal delivery
Executing user-mode handlers
Setting up user-mode handler frames
Restarting interrupted system calls
Summary
Memory Management and Allocators
Initialization operations
Page descriptor
Flags
Mapping
Zones and nodes
Memory zones
Memory nodes
Node descriptor structure
Zone descriptor structure
Memory allocators
Page frame allocator
Buddy system
GFP mask
Zone modifiers
Page mobility and placement
Watermark modifiers
Page reclaim modifiers
Action modifiers
Type flags
Slab allocator
Kmalloc caches
Object caches
Cache management
Cache layout - generic
Slub data structures
Vmalloc
Contiguous Memory Allocator (CMA)
Summary
Filesystems and File I/O
Filesystem - high-level view
Metadata
Inode (index node)
Data block map
Directories
Superblock
Operations
Mount and unmount operations
File creation and deletion operations
File open and close operations
File read and write operations
Additional features
Extended file attributes
Filesystem consistency and crash recovery
Access control lists (ACLs)
Filesystems in the Linux kernel
Ext family filesystems
Ext2
Ext3
Ext4
Common filesystem interface
VFS structures and operations
struct superblock
struct inode
Struct dentry
struct file
Special filesystems
Procfs
Sysfs
Debugfs
Summary
Interprocess Communication
Pipes and FIFOs
pipefs
Message queues
System V message queues
Data structures
POSIX message queues
Shared memory
System V shared memory
Operation interfaces
Allocating shared memory
Attaching a shared memory
Detaching shared memory
Data structures
POSIX shared memory
Semaphores
System V semaphores
Data structures
POSIX semaphores
Summary
Virtual Memory Management
Process address space
Process memory descriptor
Managing virtual memory areas
Locating a VMA
Merging VMA regions
struct address_space
Page tables
Summary
Kernel Synchronization and Locking
Atomic operations
Atomic integer operations
Atomic bitwise operations
Introducing exclusion locks
Spinlocks
Alternate spinlock APIs
Reader-writer spinlocks
Mutex locks
Debug checks and validations
Wait/wound mutexes
Operation interfaces:
Semaphores
Reader-writer semaphores
Sequence locks
API
Completion locks
Initialization
Waiting for completion
Signalling completion
Summary
Interrupts and Deferred Work
Interrupt signals and vectors
Programmable interrupt controller
Interrupt controller operations
IRQ descriptor table
High-level interrupt-management interfaces
Registering an interrupt handler
Deregistering an interrupt handler
Threaded interrupt handlers
Control interfaces
IRQ stacks
Deferred work
Softirqs
Tasklets
Workqueues
Interface API
Creating dedicated workqueues
Summary
Clock and Time Management
Time representation
Timing hardware
Real-time clock (RTC)
Timestamp counter (TSC)
Programmable interrupt timer (PIT)
CPU local timer
High-precision event timer (HPET)
ACPI power management timer (ACPI PMT)
Hardware abstraction
Calculating elapsed time
Linux timekeeping data structures, macros, and helper routines
Jiffies
Timeval and timespec
Tracking and maintaining time
Tick and interrupt handling
Tick devices
Software timers and delay functions
Dynamic timers
Race conditions with dynamic timers
Dynamic timer handling
Delay functions
POSIX clocks
Summary
Module Management
Kernel modules
Elements of an LKM
Binary layout of a LKM
Load and unload operations
Module data structures
Memory layout
Summary
Mastering Linux Kernel Development
A kernel developer's reference manual
2
Raghu Bharadwaj
3
BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
4
5
6
Mastering Linux Kernel
Development
Copyright © 2017 Packt Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior
written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations
embedded in critical articles or reviews.
Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the
accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in
this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the
author, nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held
liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by
this book.
Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of
the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of
capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this
information.
First published: October 2017
Production reference: 1091017
7
Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.
Livery Place
35 Livery Street
Birmingham
B3 2PB, UK.
ISBN 978-1-78588-305-7
www.packtpub.com
8
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