Kai Chang,RF and Microwave Wireless Systems.pdf

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RF and Microwave Wireless Systems. Kai Chang Copyright # 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBNs: 0-471-35199-7 (Hardback); 0-471-22432-4 (Electronic) RF and Microwave Wireless Systems

RF and Microwave Wireless Systems KAI CHANG Texas A&M University A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. NEW YORK=CHICHESTER=WEINHEIM=BRISBANE=SINGAPORE=TORONTO

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or ALL CAPITAL LETTERS. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration. Copyright # 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including uploading, downloading, printing, decompiling, recording or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ @ WILEY.COM. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. ISBN 0-471-22432-4 This title is also available in print as ISBN 0-471-35199-7. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.Wiley.com.

To my parents and my family

Contents Preface Acronyms 1 Introduction 1.1 Brief History of RF and Microwave Wireless Systems 1.2 Frequency Spectrums 1.3 Wireless Applications 1.4 A Simple System Example 1.5 Organization of This Book 2 Review of Waves and Transmission Lines 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Wave Propagation 2.3 Transmission Line Equation 2.4 Reﬂection, Transmission, and Impedance for a Terminated Transmission Line 2.5 Voltage Standing-Wave Ratio 2.6 Decibels, Insertion Loss, and Return Loss 2.7 Smith Charts 2.8 S-Parameters 2.9 Coaxial Lines 2.10 Microscript Lines 2.11 Waveguides 2.12 Lumped Elements 2.13 Impedance Matching Networks Problems References xi xiii 1 1 3 6 7 8 10 10 12 17 20 22 27 33 39 41 43 50 54 55 63 65 vii

viii CONTENTS 3 Antenna Systems 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Isotropic Radiator and Plane Waves 3.3 Far-Field Region 3.4 Antenna Analysis 3.5 Antenna Characteristics and Parameters 3.6 Monopole and Dipole Antennas 3.7 Horn Antennas 3.8 Parabolic Dish Antennas 3.9 Microstrip Patch Antennas 3.10 Antenna Arrays and Phased Arrays 3.11 Antenna Measurements Problems References 4 Various Components and Their System Parameters 4.1 Introduction and History 4.2 Couplers, Hybrids, and Power Dividers=Combiners 4.3 Resonators, Filters, and Multiplexers 4.4 Isolators and Circulators 4.5 Detectors and Mixers 4.6 Switches, Phase Shifters, and Attenuators 4.7 Oscillators and Ampliﬁers 4.8 Frequency Multipliers and Dividers Problems References 5 Receiver System Parameters 5.1 Typical Receivers 5.2 System Considerations 5.3 Natural Sources of Receiver Noise 5.4 Receiver Noise Figure and Equivalent Noise Temperature 5.5 Compression Points, Minimum Detectable Signal, and Dynamic Range 5.6 Third-Order Intercept Point and Intermodulation 5.7 Spurious Responses 5.8 Spurious-Free Dynamic Range Problems References 6 Transmitter and Oscillator Systems 6.1 Transmitter Parameters 6.2 Transmitter Noise 67 67 69 71 73 74 80 86 88 90 98 104 104 109 111 111 114 118 128 130 134 139 143 145 148 149 149 150 152 154 158 161 166 166 168 171 172 172 173

CONTENTS ix 6.3 Frequency Stability and Spurious Signals 6.4 Frequency Tuning, Output Power, and Efﬁciency 6.5 Intermodulation 6.6 Crystal Reference Oscillators 6.7 Phase-Locked Oscillators 6.8 Frequency Synthesizers Problems References 7 Radar and Sensor Systems 7.1 Introduction and Classiﬁcations 7.2 Radar Equation 7.3 Radar Equation Including Pulse Integration and System Losses 7.4 Radar Cross Section 7.5 Pulse Radar 7.6 Continuous-Wave or Doppler Radar 7.7 Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave Radar 7.8 Direction Finding and Tracking 7.9 Moving-Target Indication and Pulse Doppler Radar 7.10 Synthetic Aperture Radar 7.11 Practical Radar Examples Problems References 8 Wireless Communication Systems 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Friis Transmission Equation 8.3 Space Loss 8.4 Link Equation and Link Budget 8.5 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power and G=T Parameters 8.6 Radio=Microwave Links 8.7 Satellite Communication Systems 8.8 Mobile Communication Systems and Wireless Cellular Phones 8.9 Personal Communication Systems and Satellite Personal Communication Systems Problems References 9 Modulation and Demodulation 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation 9.3 Frequency Modulation 9.4 Digital Shift-Keying Modulation 176 177 180 184 186 188 191 194 196 196 198 202 205 209 212 216 222 228 232 233 236 242 243 243 244 247 248 252 254 255 258 262 270 273 274 274 275 279 280

x CONTENTS 9.5 Bit Error Rate and Bandwidth Efﬁciency 9.6 Sampling and Pulse Code Modulation Problems References 10 Multiple-Access Techniques 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access and Frequency Division Multiplexing 10.3 Time Division Multiple Access and Time Division Multiplexing 10.4 Spread Spectrum and Code Division Multiple Access References 11 Other Wireless Systems 11.1 Radio Navigation and Global Positioning Systems 11.2 Motor Vehicle and Highway Applications 11.3 Direct Broadcast Satellite Systems 11.4 RF Identiﬁcation Systems 11.5 Remote Sensing Systems and Radiometers 11.6 Surveillance and Electronic Warfare Systems Problems References Index 286 289 292 293 294 294 294 295 298 303 304 304 309 313 313 317 320 328 330 333

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