1996年专业英语八级考试真题.doc

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1996 年专业英语八级考试真题 TESTFORENGLISHMAJORS(1996) -GRADEEIGHT- 试卷一(95min) PARTILISTENINGCOMPREHENSION(40MIN) InsectionsA,BandC,youwillheareverythingONCEONLY,listencarefullyandthenanswerthe questionsthatfollow.MarkthecorrectresponseforeachquestiononyourColoredAnswerShe et. SECTIONATALK Questions1to5refertothetalkinthissection.Attheendofthetalkyouwillbegiven15secon dstoanswereachofthefollowingfivequestions.Nowlistentothetalk. 1.Thespeakerthinksthat. A.carcausespollutiononlyinsomecities B.60%ofthecitiesareaffectedbycarpollution C.90%ofthecityresidentssufferfromcarpollution D.caristhemaincontributingfactorinpollutingair 2.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedasacauseofcarpollution? A.Cartyres. B.Carengines. C.Carhorns. D.Carbrakes. 3.Whichofthefollowingisnotcitedasameanstoreducethenumberofcars? A.Topasslawstocontroltheuseofcars. B.Toimprovepublictransportsystems. C.Toincreasecartaxandcarprice. D.Toconstructeffectivesubwaysystems. 4.Oneofthemechanicalsolutionstocarpollutionis. A.tochangethemechanicalstructureoffuel B.toimproveontheexhaustpipe C.toexperimentwithnewengines D.tomonitortheamountofchemicals 5.Accordingtothespeaker.asensiblewaytosolvecarpollutionisthatweshould ________. A.focusononemethodonly B.exploresomeotheralternatives C.improveoneofthefourmethods D.integrateallofthefourmethods - SECTIONBINTERVIEW Questions6to10arebasedonaninterviewwithanarchitect.Attheendoftheinterviewyouwil lbegiven13secondstoanswereachofthefollowingfivequestions.Nowlistentotheintervie w.

6.Theinterviewee'sfirstjobwaswith. A.anewspaper B.thegovernment Caconstructionfirm D.aprivatecompany 7.Theintervieweeisnotself-employedmainlybecause. A.hiswifelikeshimtoworkforafirm B.heprefersworkingforthegovernment C.self-employedworkisverydemanding D.self-employedworkissometimesinsecure 8.Tostudyarchitectureinauniversityonemust. A.beinterestedinarts B.studypuresciencefirst C.getgoodexamresults D.begoodatdrawing 9.Onthesubjectofdrawing,theintervieweesaysthat. A.technicallyspeakingartistsdrawverywell B.anartist'sdrawingdifferslittlefromanarchitect's C.precisionisavitalskillforthearchitect D.architectsmustbenaturalartists 10.Theintervieweesaysthatthejobofanarchitectis________. A.moretheoreticalthanpractical B.toproducesturdy,well-designedbuildings C.morepracticalthantheoretical D.toproduceattractive,interestingbuildings SECTIONCNEWSBROADCAST Questions11to12arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven3 0secondstoanswerthetwoquestions.Nowlistentothenews. 11.Themanwasconvictedfor. A.dishonesty B.manslaughter C.murder D.havingagun 12.WhichofthefollowingisTRUE? A.MarkEastwoodhadalicenseforarevolver. B.MarkEastwoodlovedtogotonoisyparties. C.MarkEastwoodsmashedthewindowsofahouse. D.MarkEastwoodhadarecord. Questions13to15arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven4 5secondstoanswerthethreequestions.Nowlistentothenews. 13.HowmanymissingAmericanservicemenhavebeenpositivelyconfirmeddeadin________. Vietnamsofar? A.67. B.280.

C.84. D.1,648. 14.Accordingtothesearchoperationcommander,therecoveryofthemissing ________. Americansissloweddownbecause. A.theweatherconditionsareunfavorable B.thenecessarydocumentsareunavailable C.thesitesareinaccessible D.somelocalpeoplearegreedy 15.Accordingtothenews,VietnammaybewillingtohelpAmericanmainlybecauseof. A.itschangedpolicytowardsAmerica B.recentinternationalpressure C.itsdesiretohavetheUStradeembargolifted D.theimpendingvisitbyaseniorUSmilitaryofficer SECTIONDNOTE-TAKINGANDGAP-FILLING Inthissectionyouwillhearamini-lectureONCEONLY.Whilelisteningtothelecture,takeno tesontheimportantpoints.Yournoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwillneedthemtocompletea1 5-minutegap-fillingtaskonANSWERSHEETONEafterthemini-lecture.Usetheblankpaperfor note-taking.Fillineachofthegapswithoneword.Youmayrefertoyournotes.Makesurethewo rdyoufillinisbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyacceptable. LANDUSE Aproblemrelatedtothecompetitionforlanduseiswhethercropsshouldbe usedtoproducefoodorfuel.1areaswillbeexaminedinthisrespect.Firstly, theproblemshouldbeviewedinits2perspective.Whenoilpricesrose sharplyinthe1970s,countrieshadtolookforalternativestosolvetheresultingcrisis. Indevelopingcountries,oneofthepossibleanswerstoitistoproducealcohol from3material.Thishasledtoalotofresearchinthisareaparticularlyinthe useof4.Theuseofthismaterialresultedfromtwoeconomicreasons:a 5initspriceandlow6costs. Thereareotherstarchyplantsthatcanbeusedtoproducealcohol,likethesweet7orthecassa vaplantintropicalregions,and8andsugarbeetinnon-tropicalregions.Theproblemwithth eseplantsisthattheyarealsothepeople'sstaplefoodinmanypoorcountries. Therefore,farmerstherearefacedwithachoice:cropsforfoodorforfuel.And farmersnaturallygoforwhatismore9.Asaresult,theproblemsinvolvedareeconomicinnatu re,ratherthantechnological.Thisismysecondareaunderconsideration.Finally,thereha vealreadybeenpracticalapplicationsofusingalcoholforfuel.Basically,theycomeintwo formsofuse:purealcoholasisthecasein 10,andacombinationofalcoholandgasolineknownasgasoholinGermany. 1234(5)________ 678910 PARTIIPROOFREADINGANDERRORCORRECTION(15MIN) ThefollowingpassagecontainsTENerrors.Eachlinecontainsamaximumofoneerrorandthree arefreefromerror.Ineachcase,onlyonewordisinvolved.Youshouldproofreadthepassagea ndcorrectitinthefollowingway.

Forawrongword,underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneintheblankprovidedatthe endoftheline. Foramissingword,markthepositionofthemissingwordwitha“∧” signandwritethewordyoubelievetobemissingintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline. Foranunnecessaryword,crossouttheunnecessarywordwithaslash“/” andputthewordintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline. Ifthelineiscorrect,placeaVintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline Example When^artmuseumwantsanewexhibit,1an Itneverbuysthingsinfinishedformandbangs2neverthemonthewall. Whenanaturalhistorymuseum3vwantsanexhibition,itmustoftenbuildit. 4exhibit WATER Thesecondmostimportantconstituentofthebiosphereisliquidwater.Thiscanonlyexistin averynarrowrangeoftemperatures,sincewaterfreezesat0°Candboilsat100° C.Thisisonlyatinyrangecomparedwiththelowtemperaturesofsomeotherplanetsandthehot interioroftheearth,letthetemperatures1 ofthesun. Asweknow,lifewouldonlybepossibleonthefaceofa2 planethadtemperaturessomewherewithinthisrange.3 Theearth'ssupplyofwaterprobablyremainsquitefairly4 constantinquantity.Acertainnumberofhydrogenatoms,whichareoneofthemainconstituen tsofwater,arelostbyescapingfromtheatmospheretooutspace,but theyareprobablyjust5aboutreplacedbynewwaterrisingawayfromthedepthsofthe6earthdu ringvolcanicaction.Thetotalquantityofwaterisnotknown,anditis aboutenoughtocoverthesurfaceoftheglobe7 toadepthofabouttwoandthree-quarterkms.Mostofit-97% -isintheformofthesaltwatersoftheoceans.Therestisfresh,butthreequarter ofthisisintheformoficeatthePoles8 andonmountains,andcannotbeusedbylivingsystemswhen9 melted.Oftheremainingfraction,whichissomewhatfewerthan10 1%ofthewhole,thereis10– 20timesasmuchstoredasundergroundwaterasisactuallyonthesurface.Thereisalsoaminor, butextremelyimportant,fractionofthewatersupplywhichispresentaswatervaporintheat mosphere. PARTIIIREADINGCOMPREHENSION(40MIN) SECTIONAREADINGCOMPREHENSION(30MIN) Inthissectiontherearefourreadingpassagesfollowedbyatotaloffifteenmultiple-choic equestions.ReadthepassagescarefullyandthenmarkyouranswersonyourColoredAnswerShe et. TEXTA STAYINGHEALTHYONHOLIDAY Dopeoplewhochoosetogoonexotic,far-flungholidaysdeservefreehealthyadvicebeforeth eytravel?Andeveniftheypay,whoensuresthattheygetgood,up-to-dateinformation?Who,f orthatmatter,shouldcollectthatinformationinthefirstplace?Foravarietyofreasons,t

ravelmedicineinBritainisaresponsibilitynobodywants.Asaresult,manytravelersgoabr oadillpreparedtoavoidseriousdisease. Whyistravelmedicinesounloved?Partlythere'sanidentityproblem.Becauseittakesanint erestinanythingthatimpingesonthehealthoftravelers,thisemergingmedicalspecialism invariablycutsacrossthetraditionaldisciplines.Itdelvesintoeverythingfromseasick ness,jetlagandthehazardsofcamelstomalariaandplague.Buttravelmedicinehasamoreser iousobstacletoovercome.Travelclinicsaremeanttotellpeoplehowtoavoidendingupdeado rinatropicaldiseaseshospitalwhentheycomehome.Butitisnotoriouslydifficulttogetan ybodypayoutmoneyforkeepingpeoplehealthy. Travelmedicinehasalsobeencolonizedbycommercialinterests--thevastmajorityoftrave lclinicsinBritainarerunbyairlinesortravelcompanies.Andwhiletravelconcernsarehap pytosellprofitableinjections,theymaybelesskeentospreadbadnewsabouttravelers'dia rrheainTurkey,ortotakethetimetospelloutpreventivemeasurestravelerscouldtake."Th eNHSfindsitdifficulttodefinetravelers'health,"saysRonBehrens,theonlyNHSconsulta ntintravelandtropicalmedicineanddirectorofthetravelclinicoftheHospitalforTropic alDiseasesinLondon."ShoulditcomewithintheNHSorshoulditbepaidfor?It'sagreyarea,a ndopinionissplit.Nooneseemstohaveanyresponsibilityfordefiningitsrole,"hesays. Tocompounditslowstatusinthemedicalhierarchy,travelmedicinehastorelyonstatistics thatarepatchyatbest.Inmostcaseswejustdon'tknowhowmanyBritonscontractdiseaseswhe nabroad.Andevenifadiseaseislinkedtotravelthereisrarelyanyinformationaboutwheret hoseafflictedwent,whattheyate,howtheybehaved,orwhichvaccinationstheyhad.Thissho rtageofhardfactsandfiguresmakesitdifficulttogivedetailedadvicetopeople,informat ionthatmightevensavetheirlives. ArecentleaderintheBritishMedicalJournalargued:"Travelmedicinewillemergeasacredi bledisciplineonlyiftherisksencounteredbytravelersandtherelativebenefitsofpublic healthinterventionsarewelldefinedintermsoftheirrelativeoccurrence,distributiona ndcontrol."Exactlyhowmuchmoneyiswastedbypoortraveladvice?Therealfigureisanybody 'sguess,butitcouldeasilyruninto millions.Behrensgivesoneexample.Britainspendsmorethan£1millioneachyearjustoncho leravaccinesthatoftendon'tworkandsogivepeopleafalsesenseofsecurity:"Information onthepreventionandtreatmentofallformsofdiarrheawouldbeabetterpriority",hesays. 16.TravelmedicineinBritainis. A.notsomethinganyonewantstorun B.theresponsibilityofthegovernment C.administeredbyprivatedoctors D.handledadequatelybytravelagents 17.Themaininterestoftravelcompaniesdealingwithtravelmedicineisto. A.preventpeoplefromfallingill B.makemoneyoutofit C.giveadviceonspecificcountries D.getthegovernmenttopayforit 18.InBehren'sopinionthequestionofwhoshouldruntravelmedicine. A.isforthegovernmenttodecide B.shouldbelefttospecialisthospitals

C.canbelefttotravelcompanies D.hasnoclearandsimpleanswer 19.Peoplewillonlythinkbetteroftravelmedicineif.A.itisgivenmoreresourcesbythegov ernment B.moreaccurateinformationonitsvalueisavailable C.thegovernmenttakesoverresponsibilityfromtheNHS D.travelerspaymoreattentiontotheadvicetheyget TEXTB THEHISTORICALBACKGROUNDOFSOCIALPSYCHOIXJGY Whiletherootsofsocialpsychologylieintheintellectualsoilofthewholewesterntraditi on,itspresentfloweringisrecognizedtobecharacteristicallyanAmericanphenomenon.On ereasonforthestrikingupsurgeofsocialpsychologyintheUnitedStatesliesinthepragmat ictraditionofthiscountry.Nationalemergenciesandconditionsofsocialdisruptionprov idespecialincentivetoinventnewtechniques,andtostrikeoutboldlyforsolutionstoprac ticalsocialproblems.SocialpsychologybegantoflourishsoonaftertheFirstWorldWar.Th isevent,followedbythegreatdepressionofthe1930s,bytheriseofHitler,thegenocideofJ ews,raceriots,theSecondWorldWarandtheatomicthreat,stimulatedallbranchesofsocial science.Aspecialchallengefelltosocialpsychology.Thequestionwasasked:Howisitposs ibletopreservethevaluesoffreedomandindividualrightsunderconditionofmountingsoci alstrainandregimentation?Cansciencehelpprovideananswer?Thischallengingquestionl edtoaburstofcreativeeffortthataddedmuchtoourunderstandingofthephenomenaofleader ship,publicopinion,rumor,propaganda,prejudice,attitudechange,morale,communicati on,decision-making,racerelations,andconflictsofwar. ReviewingthedecadethatfollowedWorldWarII,Cartwright[1961]speaksof the"excitementandoptimism"ofAmericansocialpsychologists,andnotes"thetremendousi ncreaseinthetotalnumberofpeoplecallingthemselvessocialpsychologists."Mostofthes e,wemayadd,showlittleawarenessofthehistoryoftheirfield. Practicalandhumanitarianmotiveshavealwaysplayedanimportantpartinthedevelopmento fsocialpsychology,notonlyinAmericanbutinotherlandsaswell.Yettherehavebeendiscor dantanddissentingvoices.IntheopinionofHerbertSpencerinEngland,ofLudwigGumplowic zinAustria,andofWilliamGrahamSumnerintheUnitedStates,itisbothfutileanddangerous formantoattempttosteerortospeedsocialchange.Socialevolution,theyargued,requires timeandobeyslawsbeyondthecontrolofman.Theonlypracticalserviceofsocialscienceist owarnmannottointerferewiththecourseofnature(orsociety).Buttheseauthorsareinmino rity.MostsocialpsychologistssharewithComteanoptimisticviewofman'schancestobette rhiswayoflife.Hashenotalreadyimprovedhishealthviabiologicalsciences?Whyshouldhe notbetterhissocialrelationshipviasocialscience?Forthepastcenturythisoptimistico utlookhaspersistedinthefaceofslenderaccomplishmenttodate.Humanrelationsseemstub bornlyset.Warshavenotbeenabolished,labortroubleshavenotabated,andracialtensions arestillwithus.Giveustimeandgiveusmoneyforresearch,theoptimistssay. 20.SocialpsychologydevelopedintheUSA. A.becauseitsrootsareintellectuallywesterninorigin B.asadirectresponsetothegreatdepression C.tomeetthethreatofAdolfHitlerandhispolicyofmassgenocide

D.becauseofitspragmatictraditionsfordealingwithsocialproblem 21.Accordingtotheauthor,socialpsychologyshouldhelphimto. A.preserveindividualrights B.becomehealthier C.beawareofhistory D.improvematerialwelfare 22.Whobelievedthatmancaninfluencesocialchangeforthegoodofsociety? A.Cartwright. B.Spencer. C.Sumner. D.Comte. TEXTC GODANDMYFATHER IthoughtofGodasastrangelyemotionalbeing.Hewaspowerful;hewasforgivingyetobdurate, fullofwarmthandaffection.Bothhiswrathandaffectionwerefitful,theycameandtheywent, andIcouldn'tcountoneithertocontinue:althoughtheybothalwaysdid.InshortGodwasmuch suchabeingasmyfatherhimself. Whatwastherelationbetweenthem,1wondered–thesetwopuzzlingdeities? Myfather'sideasofreligionseemedstraightforwardandsimple.Hehadnoticedwhenhewasab oythattherewerebuildingscalledchurches;hehadacceptedthemasanaturalpartofthesurr oundingsinwhichhehadbeenborn.Hewouldneverhaveinventedsuchthingshimself.Neverthe lesstheywerehere.Ashegrewupheregardedthemasunquestioninglyashedidbanks.Theywere substantialoldstructures;theywererespectable,decent,andvenerable.Theywerefreque ntedbytherightsortofpeople.Well,thatwasenough. Ontheotherhandheneverallowedchurches–orbanks– todictatetohim.Hegaveeachtherespectthatwasduetoitfromhispointofview;buthealsoex pectedfromeachofthemtherespecthefeltduetohim. Astocreeds,heknewnothingaboutthem,andcarednothingeither;yetheseemedtoknowwhichs ecthebelongedwith.Ithadtobeasectwiththeminimumofnonsenseaboutit;nototalimmersio n,noexhorters.noholyconfession.HewouldhavebeenaUnitarian,naturally,ifhe'dlivedi nBoston.SincehewasarespectableNewYorker;hebelongedintheEpiscopalChurch. Astolivingaspirituallife,henevertackledthatproblem.Somemenwhoacceptspiritualbel iefstrytoliveuptothemdaily:othermenwhorejectsuchbeliefs,trysometimestosmashthem. Myfatherwouldhavedisagreedwithbothkindsentirely.Hetookamoredistantattitude.Itdi sgustedhimwhereatheistsattackedreligion:hethoughttheywerevulgar.Buthealsoobject edtohavingreligionmakedemandsuponhimhefeltthatreligionwastoovulgar,whenittriedt ostirupmen'sfeelings.Ithaditsownproperfieldofactivity,anditwasallrightthere,ofc ourse;buttherewasoneplacereligionshouldleavealone,andthatwasaman'ssoul.Heespeci allyloathedanytalkofwalkinghandinhandwithhisSavior.AndifhehadeverfoundtheHolyGh osttryingtosoftenhisheart,hewouldhaveregardeditsbehaviorasdistinctlyuncalledfor; evenungentlemanly. 23.Thewritersayshisfather'sideaofreligionseemedstraightforwardandsimplebecauseh isfather. A.hadbeenborninnaturalsurroundingsbanksandchurches

B.neverreallythoughtofGodashavingarealexistence C.regardedreligionasacceptableaslongasitdidnotinterfere D.regardedreligionasawaythathecouldliveaspirituallife 24.Thewriter'sfatherwouldprobablyagreewiththestatementthat________. A.bothspiritualistsandatheistsarevulgar B.beingawareofdifferentcreedsisimportant C.religionshouldexpectheartandsouldevotion D.churcheslikebanksarenottobetrusted [NextPage] TEXTD ETIQUETTE Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waningprosperityandincreasi ngsocialunrestledtherulingfamiliestotrytopreservetheirsuperioritybywithdrawingf romthelowerandmiddleclassesbehindbarriersofetiquette.Inaprosperouscommunity,ont heotherhand,politesocietysoonabsorbsthenewlyrich,andinEnglandtherehasneverbeena nyshortageofbooksonetiquetteforteachingthemthemannersappropriatetotheirnewwayof life. Everycodeofetiquettehascontainedthreeelements;basicmoralduties;practicalruleswh ichpromoteefficiency;andartificial,optionalgracessuchasformalcomplimentsto,say. womenontheirbeautyorsuperiorsontheirgenerosityandimportance. Inthefirstcategoryareconsiderationsfortheweakandrespectforage.AmongtheancientEg yptianstheyoungalwaysstoodinthepresenceofolderpeople.AmongtheMponguweofTanzania, theyoungmenbowastheypassthehutsoftheelders.InEngland,untilaboutacenturyago,youn gchildrendidnotsitintheirparents'presencewithoutaskingpermission. Practicalrulesarehelpfulinsuchordinaryoccurrencesofsocialfileasmakingproperintr oductionsatpartiesorotherfunctionssothatpeoplecanbebroughttoknoweachother.Befor etheinventionofthefork,etiquettedirectedthatthefingersshouldbekeptascleanasposs ible;beforethehandkerchiefcameintocommonuse. etiquettesuggestedthatafterspiting,apersonshouldrubthespitinconspicuouslyunderf oot. Extremelyrefinedbehavior,however,cultivatedasanartofgraciousliving,hasbeenchara cteristiconlyofsocietieswithwealthandleisure,whichadmittedwomenasthesocialequal sofmen.AfterthefallofRome,thefirstEuropeansocietytoregulatebehaviorinprivatelif einaccordancewithacomplicatedcodeofetiquettewastwelfth-centuryProvence,inFrance . Provencehadbecomewealthy.Thelordshadreturnedtotheircastlefromthecrusades,andthe retheidealsofchivalrygrewup,whichemphasizedthevirtueandgentlenessofwomenanddema ndedthataknightshouldprofessapureanddedicatedlovetoaladywhowouldbehisinspiratio n,andtowhomhewoulddedicatehisvaliantdeeds,thoughhewouldnevercomephysicallyclose toher.Thiswastheintroductionoftheconceptofromanticlove,whichwastoinfluenceliter atureformanyhundredsofyearsandwhichstilllivesoninadebasedforminsimplepopularson gsandcheapnovelstoday. InRenaissanceItalytoo,inthefourteenthandfifteenthcenturies,awealthyandleisureds ocietydevelopedanextremelycomplexcodeofmanners,buttherulesofbehavioroffashionab

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