GeoStudio SEEP/W 地下水渗流分析软件用户手册[英文].pdf

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Seepage Modeling with SEEP/W An Engineering Methodology July 2012 Edition GEO-SLOPE International Ltd.

Copyright © 2004-2012 by GEO-SLOPE International, Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of GEO-SLOPE International, Ltd. Trademarks: GEO-SLOPE, GeoStudio, SLOPE/W, SEEP/W, SIGMA/W, QUAKE/W, CTRAN/W, TEMP/W, AIR/W and VADOSE/W are trademarks or registered trademarks of GEO-SLOPE International Ltd. in Canada and other countries. Other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. GEO-SLOPE International Ltd 1400, 633 – 6th Ave SW Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 2Y5 E-mail: info@geo-slope.com Web: http://www.geo-slope.com

SEEP/W Table of Contents Table of Contents Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 1 2 3 2.5 How to model Introduction What is a numerical model? Modeling in geotechnical engineering Why model? Numerical Modeling: What, Why and How ......................................... 3 3 2.1 2.2 3 5 2.3 2.4 7 Quantitative predictions ................................................................................................ 8 Compare alternatives ................................................................................................... 9 Identify governing parameters .................................................................................... 10 Discover & understand physical process - train our thinking ..................................... 11 14 Make a guess ............................................................................................................. 14 Simplify geometry ....................................................................................................... 16 Start simple ................................................................................................................. 17 Do numerical experiments .......................................................................................... 18 Model only essential components .............................................................................. 19 Start with estimated material properties ..................................................................... 20 Interrogate the results ................................................................................................. 21 Evaluate results in the context of expected results .................................................... 21 Remember the real world ........................................................................................... 21 2.6 22 2.7 23 Geometry and Meshing .................................................................... 25 25 3.1 3.2 26 Soil regions, points and lines ...................................................................................... 27 Free points .................................................................................................................. 29 Free lines .................................................................................................................... 29 Interface elements on lines ......................................................................................... 31 Circular openings ........................................................................................................ 33 34 Structured mesh ......................................................................................................... 35 Unstructured quad and triangle mesh ........................................................................ 35 Unstructured triangular mesh ..................................................................................... 35 Introduction Geometry objects in GeoStudio How not to model Closing remarks 3.3 Mesh generation Page i

Table of Contents SEEP/W Infinite regions 3.9 3.10 General guidelines for meshing Surface layers Joining regions Meshing for transient analyses Finite elements Element fundamentals Triangular grid regions ................................................................................................ 36 Rectangular grid of quads .......................................................................................... 37 37 40 41 42 43 Element nodes ............................................................................................................ 43 Field variable distribution ............................................................................................ 43 Element and mesh compatibility ................................................................................. 44 Numerical integration .................................................................................................. 46 Secondary variables ................................................................................................... 47 47 49 Number of elements ................................................................................................... 49 Effect of drawing scale ............................................................................................... 50 Mesh purpose ............................................................................................................. 50 Simplified geometry .................................................................................................... 52 Material Models and Properties ........................................................ 53 4.1 53 Material models in SEEP/W ....................................................................................... 53 54 Factors affecting the volumetric water content ........................................................... 56 56 Estimation method 1 (grain size - Modified Kovacs) .................................................. 57 Estimation method 2 (sample functions) .................................................................... 59 Closed form option 1 (Fredlund and Xing, 1994) ....................................................... 60 Closed form option 2 (Van Genuchten, 1980) ............................................................ 61 62 Direct measurement of water content function ........................................................... 62 63 64 66 68 Method 1 (Fredlund et al, 1994) ................................................................................. 68 Method 2 (Green and Corey, 1971) ........................................................................... 69 Coefficient of volume compressibility Hydraulic conductivity Frozen ground hydraulic conductivity Conductivity function estimation methods Storage function types and estimation methods Soil water storage – water content function Soil material function measurement 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4 Soil behavior models Page ii

SEEP/W Table of Contents 4.8 4.9 5 6 5.4 Head boundary conditions Introduction Fundamentals Boundary condition locations Interface model parameters Sensitivity of hydraulic results to material properties Method 3 (Van Genuchten, 1980) .............................................................................. 70 71 72 Changes to the air-entry value (AEV) ......................................................................... 72 Changes to the saturated hydraulic conductivity ........................................................ 74 Changes to the slope of the VWC function ................................................................ 76 Changes to the residual volumetric water content ..................................................... 78 Boundary Conditions ........................................................................ 80 5.1 80 80 5.2 5.3 82 Region face boundary conditions ............................................................................... 83 83 Definition of total head ................................................................................................ 83 Head boundary conditions on a dam .......................................................................... 85 Constant pressure conditions ..................................................................................... 87 Far field head conditions ............................................................................................ 87 88 91 92 94 95 97 98 General ....................................................................................................................... 98 Head versus time ........................................................................................................ 99 Head versus volume ................................................................................................. 101 Nodal flux Q versus time .......................................................................................... 102 Unit flow rate versus time ......................................................................................... 103 Modifier function ....................................................................................................... 104 Analysis Types ................................................................................ 107 107 6.1 Boundary condition types in steady state ................................................................. 108 108 Initial conditions ........................................................................................................ 108 Drawing the initial water table .................................................................................. 110 Specified boundary flows Sources and sinks Seepage faces Free drainage (unit gradient) Ground surface infiltration and evaporation Far field boundary conditions Boundary functions 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 Steady state 6.2 Transient Page iii

Table of Contents SEEP/W Spline functions 6.3 Time stepping - temporal integration Staged / multiple analyses Axisymmetric Plan view (confined aquifer only) Linear functions Step functions Closed form curve fits for water content functions Add-in functions Spatial functions Activation values ....................................................................................................... 110 Spatial function for the initial conditions ................................................................... 111 No initial condition .................................................................................................... 111 111 Finite element temporal integration formulation ....................................................... 112 Problems with time step sizes .................................................................................. 112 General rules for setting time steps .......................................................................... 113 Adaptive time stepping ............................................................................................. 113 6.4 114 6.5 114 6.6 115 Functions in GeoStudio .................................................................. 118 118 7.1 Slopes of spline functions ......................................................................................... 119 7.2 120 7.3 120 7.4 121 7.5 121 7.6 121 Numerical Issues ............................................................................ 123 123 8.1 Significant figures ..................................................................................................... 124 Minimum difference .................................................................................................. 124 124 Mesh view ................................................................................................................. 124 Graphs ...................................................................................................................... 125 Commentary ............................................................................................................. 127 127 127 128 129 Estimating a starting time step size .......................................................................... 129 Time steps too small ................................................................................................. 129 Flow nets, seepage forces, and exit gradients ................................ 131 9.1 131 Under-relaxation Gauss integration order Equation solvers (direct or parallel direct) Time stepping Convergence 8.2 Evaluating convergence 7 8 9 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Flow nets Page iv

SEEP/W Table of Contents 9.2 Seepage forces 9.3 Exit gradients 9.4 Concluding remarks Transient versus steady state results Equipotential lines .................................................................................................... 132 Flow paths ................................................................................................................ 132 Flow channels ........................................................................................................... 133 Flow quantities .......................................................................................................... 135 Uplift pressures ......................................................................................................... 136 Limitations ................................................................................................................ 136 137 Forces on a soil element .......................................................................................... 137 138 Gradients .................................................................................................................. 138 Critical gradients ....................................................................................................... 139 Geometry considerations .......................................................................................... 139 Effective stress and soil strength .............................................................................. 142 Flow velocity ............................................................................................................. 143 143 10 Visualization of Results ................................................................... 145 145 145 148 150 150 151 151 152 153 153 Calculating gradients and velocities ......................................................................... 153 Velocity vectors ........................................................................................................ 154 Flow paths ................................................................................................................ 154 155 Flux section theory ................................................................................................... 156 Flux section application ............................................................................................ 157 11 Modeling Tips and Tricks ................................................................ 159 159 159 160 10.1 10.2 Node and element information 10.3 Graphing node and gauss Data 10.4 10.5 Water table 10.6 10.7 10.8 Contours 10.9 10.10 Velocity vectors and flow paths Introduction Problem engineering units Flux section location Isolines Projecting Gauss point values to nodes “None” values Animation in GeoStudio 10.11 Flux sections 11.1 11.2 11.3 Page v

Table of Contents SEEP/W 11.4 Drain flux values 161 11.5 Unit flux versus total flux? 162 Flow above phreatic line 11.6 163 11.7 Pressure boundary with depth 164 11.8 Summing graphed data 165 Illustrative Examples ....................................................................... 169 12 13 Theory ............................................................................................. 171 13.1 Darcy’s law 171 Partial differential water flow equations 171 13.2 173 Finite element water flow equations 13.3 Temporal integration 13.4 174 175 13.5 Numerical integration 177 13.6 Hydraulic conductivity matrix 13.7 Mass matrix 178 179 13.8 182 13.9 Density-dependent flow 14 Appendix A: Interpolating Functions ............................................... 185 185 187 Field variable model ................................................................................................. 187 Interpolation function derivatives .............................................................................. 188 References ............................................................................................... 191 14.1 Coordinate systems 14.2 Flux boundary vector Interpolating functions Index 196 Page vi

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