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WCDMA for UMTS HSPA Evolution and LTE 5th Edition.pdf
WCDMA FOR UMTS
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 WCDMA Early Phase
1.2 HSPA Introduction and Data Growth
1.3 HSPA Deployments Globally
1.4 HSPA Evolution
1.5 HSPA Network Product
1.6 HSPA Future Outlook
References
2 UMTS Services
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Voice
2.2.1 Narrowband AMR and Wideband AMR Voice Services
2.2.2 Circuit-Switched over HSPA
2.2.3 Push-to-Talk over Cellular (PoC)
2.2.4 Voice-over IP
2.2.5 Key Performance Indicators for Voice
2.3 Video Telephony
2.3.1 Multimedia Architecture for Circuit Switched Connections
2.3.2 Video Codec
2.4 Messaging
2.4.1 Short Messaging Service (SMS)
2.4.2 Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)
2.4.3 Voice Mail and Audio Messaging
2.4.4 Instant Messaging
2.5 Mobile Email
2.6 Browsing
2.7 Application and Content Downloading
2.8 Streaming
2.9 Gaming
2.10 Mobile Broadband for Laptop and Netbook Connectivity
2.10.1 End-to-End Security
2.10.2 Impact of Latency on Application Performance
2.11 Social Networking
2.12 Mobile TV
2.13 Location-Based Services
2.13.1 Cell Coverage-Based Location Calculation
2.13.2 Assisted GPS (A-GPS)
2.14 Machine-to-Machine Communications
2.15 Quality of Service (QoS) Differentiation
2.16 Maximum Air Interface Capacity
2.17 Terminals
2.18 Tariff Schemes
References
3 Introduction to WCDMA
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Summary of the Main Parameters in WCDMA
3.3 Spreading and Despreading
3.4 Multipath Radio Channels and Rake Reception
3.5 Power Control
3.6 Softer and Soft Handovers
References
4 Background and Standardization of WCDMA
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Background in Europe
4.2.1 Wideband CDMA
4.2.2 Wideband TDMA
4.2.3 Wideband TDMA/CDMA
4.2.4 OFDMA
4.2.5 ODMA
4.2.6 ETSI Selection
4.3 Background in Japan
4.4 Background in Korea
4.5 Background in the United States
4.5.1 W-CDMA N/A
4.5.2 UWC-136
4.5.3 cdma2000
4.5.4 TR46.1
4.5.5 WP-CDMA
4.6 Creation of 3GPP
4.7 How Does 3GPP Operate?
4.8 Creation of 3GPP2
4.9 Harmonization Phase
4.10 IMT-2000 Process in ITU
4.11 Beyond 3GPP Release 99 WCDMA
4.12 Industry Convergence with LTE and LTE-Advanced
References
5 Radio Access Network Architecture
5.1 Introduction
5.2 UTRAN Architecture
5.2.1 The Radio Network Controller (RNC)
5.2.2 The Node B (Base Station)
5.3 General Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Horizontal Layers
5.3.3 Vertical Planes
5.4 Iu, the UTRAN–CN Interface
5.4.1 Protocol Structure for Iu CS
5.4.2 Protocol Structure for Iu PS
5.4.3 RANAP Protocol
5.4.4 Iu User Plane Protocol
5.4.5 Protocol Structure of Iu BC, and the Service Area Broadcast Protocol
5.5 UTRAN Internal Interfaces
5.5.1 RNC–RNC Interface (Iur Interface) and the RNSAP Signaling
5.5.2 RNC–Node B Interface and the NBAP Signaling
5.6 UTRAN Enhancements and Evolution
5.6.1 IP Transport in UTRAN
5.6.2 Iu Flex
5.6.3 Stand-Alone SMLC and Iupc Interface
5.6.4 Interworking between GERAN and UTRAN, and the Iur-g Interface
5.6.5 IP-Based RAN Architecture
5.7 UMTS CN Architecture and Evolution
5.7.1 Release 99 CN Elements
5.7.2 Release 5 CN and IP Multimedia Subsystem
References
6 Physical Layer
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Transport Channels and Their Mapping to the Physical Channels
6.2.1 Dedicated Transport Channel
6.2.2 Common Transport Channels
6.2.3 Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical Channels
6.2.4 Frame Structure of Transport Channels
6.3 Spreading and Modulation
6.3.1 Scrambling
6.3.2 Channelization Codes
6.3.3 Uplink Spreading and Modulation
6.3.4 Downlink Spreading and Modulation
6.3.5 Transmitter Characteristics
6.4 User Data Transmission
6.4.1 Uplink Dedicated Channel
6.4.2 Uplink Multiplexing
6.4.3 User Data Transmission with the Random Access Channel
6.4.4 Uplink Common Packet Channel
6.4.5 Downlink Dedicated Channel
6.4.6 Downlink Multiplexing
6.4.7 Downlink Shared Channel
6.4.8 Forward Access Channel for User Data Transmission
6.4.9 Channel Coding for User Data
6.4.10 Coding for TFCI Information
6.5 Signaling
6.5.1 Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
6.5.2 Synchronization Channel (SCH)
6.5.3 Primary Common Control Physical Channel (Primary CCPCH)
6.5.4 Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary CCPCH)
6.5.5 Random Access Channel (RACH) for Signaling Transmission
6.5.6 Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
6.5.7 Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
6.6 Physical Layer Procedures
6.6.1 Fast Closed-Loop Power Control Procedure
6.6.2 Open-Loop Power Control
6.6.3 Paging Procedure
6.6.4 RACH Procedure
6.6.5 Cell Search Procedure
6.6.6 Transmit Diversity Procedure
6.6.7 Handover Measurements Procedure
6.6.8 Compressed Mode Measurement Procedure
6.6.9 Other Measurements
6.6.10 Operation with Adaptive Antennas
6.6.11 Site Selection Diversity Transmission
6.7 Terminal Radio Access Capabilities
6.8 Conclusion
References
7 Radio Interface Protocols
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Protocol Architecture
7.3 The Medium Access Control Protocol
7.3.1 MAC Layer Architecture
7.3.2 MAC Functions
7.3.3 Logical Channels
7.3.4 Mapping between Logical Channels and Transport Channels
7.3.5 Example Data Flow Through the MAC Layer
7.4 The Radio Link Control Protocol
7.4.1 RLC Layer Architecture
7.4.2 RLC Functions
7.4.3 Example Data Flow Through the RLC Layer
7.5 The Packet Data Convergence Protocol
7.5.1 PDCP Layer Architecture
7.5.2 PDCP Functions
7.6 The Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol
7.6.1 BMC Layer Architecture
7.6.2 BMC Functions
7.7 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
7.8 The Radio Resource Control Protocol
7.8.1 RRC Layer Logical Architecture
7.8.2 RRC Service States
7.8.3 RRC Functions and Signaling Procedures
7.9 Early UE Handling Principles
7.10 Improvements for Call Set-up Time Reduction
References
8 Radio Network Planning
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Dimensioning
8.2.1 Radio Link Budgets
8.2.2 Load Factors
8.2.3 Capacity Upgrade Paths
8.2.4 Capacity per km2
8.2.5 Soft Capacity
8.2.6 Network Sharing
8.3 Capacity and Coverage Planning and Optimization
8.3.1 Iterative Capacity and Coverage Prediction
8.3.2 Planning Tool
8.3.3 Case Study
8.3.4 Network Optimization
8.4 GSM Co-planning
8.5 Inter-Operator Interference
8.5.1 Introduction
8.5.2 Uplink Versus Downlink Effects
8.5.3 Local Downlink Interference
8.5.4 Average Downlink Interference
8.5.5 Path Loss Measurements
8.5.6 Solutions to Avoid Adjacent Channel Interference
8.6 WCDMA Frequency Variants
8.7 UMTS Refarming to GSM Band
8.7.1 Coverage of UMTS900
8.8 Interference between GSM and UMTS
8.9 Remaining GSM Voice Capacity
8.10 Shared Site Solutions with GSM and UMTS
8.11 Interworking of UMTS900 and UMTS2100
References
9 Radio Resource Management
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Power Control
9.2.1 Fast Power Control
9.2.2 Outer Loop Power Control
9.3 Handovers
9.3.1 Intra-Frequency Handovers
9.3.2 Inter-System Handovers between WCDMA and GSM
9.3.3 Inter-Frequency Handovers within WCDMA
9.3.4 Summary of Handovers
9.4 Measurement of Air Interface Load
9.4.1 Uplink Load
9.4.2 Downlink Load
9.5 Admission Control
9.5.1 Admission Control Principle
9.5.2 Wideband Power-Based Admission Control Strategy
9.5.3 Throughput-Based Admission Control Strategy
9.6 Load Control (Congestion Control)
References
10 Packet Scheduling
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
10.3 Round Trip Time
10.4 User-Speci.c Packet Scheduling
10.4.1 Common Channels (RACH/FACH)
10.4.2 Dedicated Channel (DCH)
10.4.3 Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
10.4.4 Uplink Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
10.4.5 Selection of Transport Channel
10.4.6 Paging Channel States
10.5 Cell-Specific Packet Scheduling
10.5.1 Priorities
10.5.2 Scheduling Algorithms
10.5.3 Packet Scheduler in Soft Handover
10.6 Packet Data System Performance
10.6.1 Link Level Performance
10.6.2 System Level Performance
10.7 Packet Data Application Performance
10.7.1 Introduction to Application Performance
10.7.2 Person-to-Person Applications
10.7.3 Content-to-Person Applications
10.7.4 Business Connectivity
10.7.5 Conclusions on Application Performance
References
11 Physical Layer Performance
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Cell Coverage
11.2.1 Uplink Coverage
11.2.2 Downlink Coverage
11.3 Downlink Cell Capacity
11.3.1 Downlink Orthogonal Codes
11.3.2 Downlink Transmit Diversity
11.3.3 Downlink Voice Capacity
11.4 Capacity Trials
11.4.1 Single Cell Capacity Trials
11.4.2 Multicell Capacity Trials
11.4.3 Summary
11.5 3GPP Performance Requirements
11.5.1 Eb/N0 Performance
11.5.2 RF Noise Figure
11.6 Performance Enhancements
11.6.1 Smart Antenna Solutions
11.6.2 Multiuser Detection
References
12 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities
12.3 The HSDPA Concept
12.4 HSDPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture
12.5 Release 4 HSDPA Feasibility Study Phase
12.6 HSDPA Physical Layer Structure
12.6.1 High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH)
12.6.2 High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
12.6.3 Uplink High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH)
12.6.4 HSDPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure
12.7 HSDPA Terminal Capability and Achievable Data Rates
12.8 Mobility with HSDPA
12.8.1 Measurement Event for Best Serving HS-DSCH Cell
12.8.2 Intra-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover
12.8.3 Inter-Node–Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover
12.8.4 HS-DSCH to DCH Handover
12.9 HSDPA Performance
12.9.1 Factors Governing Performance
12.9.2 Spectral Efficiency, Code Efficiency and Dynamic Range
12.9.3 User Scheduling, Cell Throughput and Coverage
12.9.4 HSDPA Network Performance with Mixed Non-HSDPA and HSDPA Terminals
12.10 HSPA Link Budget
12.11 HSDPA Iub Dimensioning
12.12 HSPA Round Trip Time
12.13 Terminal Receiver Aspects
12.14 Evolution in Release 6
12.15 Conclusion
References
13 High-Speed Uplink Packet Access
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities
13.3 The HSUPA Concept
13.4 HSUPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture
13.4.1 HSUPA Iub Operation
13.5 HSUPA Feasibility Study Phase
13.6 HSUPA Physical Layer Structure
13.7 E-DCH and Related Control Channels
13.7.1 E-DPDCH
13.7.2 E-DPCCH
13.7.3 E-HICH
13.7.4 E-RGCH
13.7.5 E-AGCH
13.8 HSUPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure
13.8.1 HSUPA and HSDPA Simultaneous Operation
13.9 HSUPA Terminal Capability
13.10 HSUPA Performance
13.10.1 Increased Data Rates
13.10.2 Physical Layer Retransmission Combining
13.10.3 Node B-Based Scheduling
13.10.4 HSUPA Link Budget Impact
13.10.5 Delay and QoS
13.10.6 Overall Capacity
13.11 Conclusion
References
14 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS)
14.1 Introduction
14.2 MBMS Impact on Network Architecture
14.3 High Level MBMS Procedures
14.4 MBMS Radio Interface Channel Structure
14.4.1 Logical Channels
14.4.2 Transport Channels
14.4.3 Physical Channels
14.4.4 Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint Connections
14.4.5 Example Radio Interface Procedure during MBMS Session Start
14.5 MBMS Terminal Capability
14.5.1 Selective Combining and Soft Combining
14.6 MBMS Performance
14.6.1 3GPP Performance Requirements
14.6.2 Simulated MBMS Cell Capacity
14.6.3 Iub Transport Capacity
14.7 MBMS Deployment and Use Cases
14.8 Benchmarking of MBMS with DVB-H
14.9 3GPP MBMS Evolution in Release 7
14.10 Why Did MBMS Fail?
14.11 Integrated Mobile Broadcast (IMB) in Release 8
14.12 Conclusion
References
15 HSPA Evolution
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX)
15.3 Circuit Switched Voice on HSPA
15.4 Enhanced FACH and Enhanced RACH
15.5 Latency
15.6 Fast Dormancy
15.7 Downlink 64QAM
15.8 Downlink MIMO
15.9 Transmit Diversity (TxAA)
15.10 Uplink 16QAM
15.11 UE Categories
15.12 Layer 2 Optimization
15.13 Architecture Evolution
15.14 Conclusion
References
16 HSPA Multicarrier Evolution
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Dual Cell HSDPA in Release 8
16.3 Dual Cell HSUPA in Release 9
16.4 Dual Cell HSDPA with MIMO in Release 9
16.5 Dual Band HSDPA in Release 9
16.6 Three and Four Carrier HSDPA in Release 10
16.7 UE Categories
16.8 Conclusion
References
17 UTRAN Long-Term Evolution
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Multiple Access and Architecture Decisions
17.3 LTE Impact on Network Architecture
17.4 LTE Multiple Access
17.4.1 OFDMA Principles
17.4.2 SC-FDMA Principles
17.5 LTE Physical Layer Design and Parameters
17.6 LTE Physical Layer Procedures
17.6.1 Random Access
17.6.2 Data Reception and Transmission
17.6.3 CQI Procedure
17.6.4 Downlink Transmission Modes
17.6.5 Uplink Transmission Modes
17.6.6 LTE Physical Layer Compared to WCDMA
17.7 LTE Protocols
17.8 Performance
17.8.1 Peak Bit Rates
17.8.2 Spectral Efficiency
17.8.3 Link Budget and Coverage
17.9 LTE Device Categories
17.10 LTE-Advanced Outlook
17.11 Conclusion
References
18 TD-SCDMA
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 TDD
18.2 Differences in the Network-Level Architecture
18.3 TD-SCDMA Physical Layer
18.3.1 Transport and Physical Channels
18.3.2 Modulation and Spreading
18.3.3 Physical Channel Structures, Slot and Frame Format
18.4 TD-SCDMA Data Rates
18.5 TD-SCDMA Physical Layer Procedures
18.5.1 Power Control
18.5.2 TD-SCDMA Receiver
18.5.3 Uplink Synchronization
18.5.4 Dynamic Channel Allocation
18.5.5 Summary of the TD-SCDMA Physical Layer Operation
18.6 TD-SCDMA Interference and Co-existence Considerations
18.6.1 TDD–TDD Interference
18.6.2 TDD and FDD Co-existence
18.6.3 Conclusions on TDD and TD-SCDMA Interference
18.7 Conclusion and Future Outlook on TD-SCDMA
References
19 Home Node B and Femtocells
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Home Node B Specification Work
19.3 Technical Challenges of Uncoordinated Mass Deployment
19.4 Home Node B Architecture
19.4.1 Home Node B Protocols and Procedures for Network Interfaces
19.4.2 Femtocell Indication on a Terminal Display
19.5 Closed Subscriber Group
19.5.1 Closed Subscriber Group Management
19.5.2 Closed Subscriber Group Access Control
19.6 Home Node B-Related Mobility
19.6.1 Idle Mode Mobility
19.6.2 Outbound Relocations
19.6.3 Inbound Relocations
19.6.4 Relocations between HNB Cells
19.6.5 Paging Optimization
19.6.6 Home Node B to Macro Handover
19.6.7 Macro to Home Node B Handover
19.6.8 Home Node B Cell Identification Ambiguity
19.6.9 Summary of Home Node B-Related Mobility
19.7 Home Node B Deployment and Interference Mitigation
19.7.1 Home Node B Radio Frequency Aspects
19.7.2 Recommended 3G Home Node B Measurements
19.7.3 Home Node B Interference Considerations
19.7.4 Adaptive Control of Home Node B Transmit Powers
19.7.5 Femtocell Interference Simulations
19.7.6 Network Planning Aspects
19.7.7 Summary of Home Node B Frequency Usage
19.8 Home Node B Evolution
19.9 Conclusion
References
20 Terminal RF and Baseband Design Challenges
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Transmitter Chain System Design Challenges
20.2.1 The Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio/Power Consumption Trade-Off
20.2.2 Phase Discontinuity
20.3 Receiver Chain Design Challenges
20.3.1 UE Reference Sensitivity System Requirements
20.3.2 Inter-Operator Interference
20.3.3 Impact of RF Impairments on HSDPA System Performance
20.4 Improving Talk-Time with DTX/DRX
20.4.1 Talk-Time Benchmark of Recent WCDMA Handsets
20.4.2 Trend in RF-IC Power Consumption and Model
20.4.3 Power Amplifier Control Schemes and Power Consumption Model
20.4.4 UE Power Consumption Models
20.4.5 Talk-Time Improvements in Circuit Switched Voice over HSPA with DTX/DRX
20.5 Multi-Mode/Band Challenges
20.5.1 From Mono-Mode/Mono-Band to Multi-Mode/Multi-Band and Diversity
20.5.2 New Requirements Due to Co-existence
20.5.3 Front End Integration Strategies and Design Trends
20.5.4 Impact on Today’s Architectures
20.6 Conclusion
References
Index
WCDMA FOR UMTS
WCDMA FOR UMTS
HSPA Evolution and LTE
Fifth Edition
Edited by
Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition first published 2010
2010 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Registered office
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
WCDMA for UMTS: HSPA evolution and LTE / edited by Harri Holma, Antti Toskala. –
5th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-68646-1 (cloth)
1. Code division multiple access. 2. Wireless communication systems – Standards.
3. Mobile communication systems – Standards. 4. Global system for mobile communications.
I. Holma, Harri, 1970- II. Toskala, Antti.
TK5103.452.W39 2010
621.3845 – dc22
2010013154
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978-0-470-68646-1 (H/B)
Typeset in 9/11 Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India.
Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire.
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
1
Introduction
Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
1.1 WCDMA Early Phase
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
HSPA Introduction and Data Growth
HSPA Deployments Globally
HSPA Evolution
HSPA Network Product
HSPA Future Outlook
References
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
UMTS Services
Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson, Jouni Salonen, Antti Toskala and Tommi Uitto
Introduction
Voice
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
Video Telephony
2.3.1
2.3.2
Narrowband AMR and Wideband AMR Voice Services
Circuit-Switched over HSPA
Push-to-Talk over Cellular (PoC)
Voice-over IP
Key Performance Indicators for Voice
Multimedia Architecture for Circuit Switched Connections
Video Codec
2.4 Messaging
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
Short Messaging Service (SMS)
Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)
Voice Mail and Audio Messaging
Instant Messaging
2.5 Mobile Email
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
Browsing
Application and Content Downloading
Streaming
Gaming
xvii
xix
xxi
1
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
9
11
12
14
16
17
17
18
19
20
21
21
21
22
22
22
23
24
26
26
vi
Contents
2.10 Mobile Broadband for Laptop and Netbook Connectivity
End-to-End Security
Impact of Latency on Application Performance
2.10.1
2.10.2
Social Networking
2.11
2.12 Mobile TV
2.13
Location-Based Services
2.13.1
2.13.2
Cell Coverage-Based Location Calculation
Assisted GPS (A-GPS)
2.14 Machine-to-Machine Communications
2.15 Quality of Service (QoS) Differentiation
2.16 Maximum Air Interface Capacity
2.17
2.18
Terminals
Tariff Schemes
References
3
Introduction to WCDMA
Peter Muszynski and Harri Holma
Introduction
Summary of the Main Parameters in WCDMA
Spreading and Despreading
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4 Multipath Radio Channels and Rake Reception
3.5
3.6
Power Control
Softer and Soft Handovers
References
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Wideband CDMA
Wideband TDMA
Wideband TDMA/CDMA
OFDMA
ODMA
ETSI Selection
Background and Standardization of WCDMA
Antti Toskala
Introduction
Background in Europe
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
Background in Japan
Background in Korea
Background in the United States
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
4.5.4
4.5.5
Creation of 3GPP
How Does 3GPP Operate?
Creation of 3GPP2
Harmonization Phase
IMT-2000 Process in ITU
W-CDMA N/A
UWC-136
cdma2000
TR46.1
WP-CDMA
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11 Beyond 3GPP Release 99 WCDMA
4.12
Industry Convergence with LTE and LTE-Advanced
References
27
29
29
30
31
32
33
33
34
35
40
44
45
45
47
47
47
49
51
55
57
59
61
61
61
62
63
63
64
64
64
64
65
65
65
66
66
66
66
67
68
69
69
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70
72
73
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