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Web Scalability for Startup Engineers.pdf

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    Title Page
    Copyright Page
    About the Author
    Dedication
    Contents at a Glance
    Contents
    Acknowledgments
    Introduction
    Chapter 1 Core Concepts
    What Is Scalability?
    Evolution from a Single Server to a Global Audience
    Single-Server Configuration
    Making the Server Stronger: Scaling Vertically
    Isolation of Services
    Content Delivery Network: Scalability for Static Content
    Distributing the Traffic: Horizontal Scalability
    Scalability for a Global Audience
    Overview of a Data Center Infrastructure
    The Front Line
    Web Application Layer
    Web Services Layer
    Additional Components
    Data Persistence Layer
    Data Center Infrastructure
    Overview of the Application Architecture
    Front End
    Web Services
    Supporting Technologies
    Summary
    Chapter 2 Principles of Good Software Design
    Simplicity
    Hide Complexity and Build Abstractions
    Avoid Overengineering
    Try Test-Driven Development
    Learn from Models of Simplicity in Software Design
    Loose Coupling
    Promoting Loose Coupling
    Avoiding Unnecessary Coupling
    Models of Loose Coupling
    Don’t Repeat Yourself (DRY)
    Copy and Paste Programming
    Coding to Contract
    Draw Diagrams
    Use Case Diagrams
    Class Diagrams
    Module Diagrams
    Single Responsibility
    Promoting Single Responsibility
    Examples of Single Responsibility
    Open-Closed Principle
    Dependency Injection
    Inversion of Control (IOC)
    Designing for Scale
    Adding More Clones
    Functional Partitioning
    Data Partitioning
    Design for Self-Healing
    Summary
    Chapter 3 Building the Front-End Layer
    Managing State
    Managing HTTP Sessions
    Managing Files
    Managing Other Types of State
    Components of the Scalable Front End
    DNS
    Load Balancers
    Web Servers
    Caching
    Auto-Scaling
    Deployment Examples
    AWS Scenario
    Private Data Center
    Summary
    Chapter 4 Web Services
    Designing Web Services
    Web Services as an Alternative Presentation Layer
    API-First Approach
    Pragmatic Approach
    Types of Web Services
    Function-Centric Services
    Resource-Centric Services
    Scaling REST Web Services
    Keeping Service Machines Stateless
    Caching Service Responses
    Functional Partitioning
    Summary
    Chapter 5 Data Layer
    Scaling with MySQL
    Replication
    Data Partitioning (Sharding)
    Scaling with NoSQL
    The Rise of Eventual Consistency
    Faster Recovery to Increase Availability
    Cassandra Topology
    Summary
    Chapter 6 Caching
    Cache Hit Ratio
    Caching Based on HTTP
    HTTP Caching Headers
    Types of HTTP Cache Technologies
    Scaling HTTP Caches
    Caching Application Objects
    Common Types of Object Caches
    Scaling Object Caches
    Caching Rules of Thumb
    Cache High Up the Call Stack
    Reuse Cache Among Users
    Where to Start Caching?
    Cache Invalidation Is Difficult
    Summary
    Chapter 7 Asynchronous Processing
    Core Concepts
    Synchronous Example
    Asynchronous Example
    Shopping Analogy
    Message Queues
    Message Producers
    Message Broker
    Message Consumers
    Messaging Protocols
    Messaging Infrastructure
    Benefits of Message Queues
    Enabling Asynchronous Processing
    Easier Scalability
    Evening Out Traffic Spikes
    Isolating Failures and Self-Healing
    Decoupling
    Message Queue–Related Challenges
    No Message Ordering
    Message Requeueing
    Race Conditions Become More Likely
    Risk of Increased Complexity
    Message Queue–Related Anti-Patterns
    Treating the Message Queue as a TCP Socket
    Treating Message Queue as a Database
    Coupling Message Producers with Consumers
    Lack of Poison Message Handling
    Quick Comparison of Selected Messaging Platforms
    Amazon Simple Queue Service
    RabbitMQ
    ActiveMQ
    Final Comparison Notes
    Introduction to Event-Driven Architecture
    Request/Response Interaction
    Direct Worker Queue Interaction
    Event-Based Interaction
    Summary
    Chapter 8 Searching for Data
    Introduction to Indexing
    Modeling Data
    NoSQL Data Modeling
    Wide Column Storage Example
    Search Engines
    Introduction to Search Engines
    Using a Dedicated Search Engine
    Summary
    Chapter 9 Other Dimensions of Scalability
    Scaling Productivity through Automation
    Testing
    Build and Deployment
    Monitoring and Alerting
    Log Aggregation
    Scaling Yourself
    Overtime Is Not a Way to Scale
    Managing Yourself
    Scaling Agile Teams
    Adding More People
    Procedures and Innovation
    Culture of Alignment
    Summary
    Appendix References
    Books
    White Papers
    Talks
    Links
    Index
    About the Author Artur Ejsmont is a passionate software engineer and agile leader, currently working for Yahoo! in Sydney. Artur has been working with web applications for over 10 years with a lot of focus on agile, startup-like environments; he loves the Lean Startup model. Artur has worked on websites serving 1M+ pages per hour, both in Europe and Australia. He has also served as a university lecturer and is passionate about sharing his knowledge with others. Artur actively contributes to the tech community as a technical writer, blogger, and public speaker. About the Technical Editors Bill Wilder is CTO at Finomial Corporation, an occasional conference speaker, an inconsistent blogger, and leader (since 2009) of Boston Azure. He is recognized by Microsoft as an Azure MVP and is the author of the book Cloud Architecture Patterns (O’Reilly Media, 2012). He can be found on Twitter @codingoutloud. TJ Wilder is a college student in his junior year at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, majoring in computer science with a minor in mathematics. He has been programming since he was 12 but has taken occasional breaks since then to eat, sleep, and sing. Having interned at DraftKings.com when it was a startup, he looks forward to putting the book’s advice to work in more startups in the future. Dr. Danny Coward is a chief architect and web architect at Oracle. Coward is the sole spec lead for the Java API for Web Sockets for Java EE and Java SE/JavaFX and sole author of the WebSocket technical documentation at Oracle. Coward’s work leading WebSocket at Oracle make him the leading expert on Java WebSocket programming. Coward has a decade of experience as a Java developer, where he now seeks to direct and simplify complex technologies to fulfill business objectives. Coward has specialized experience in all aspects of Java software—from Java ME to Java EE to the founding of the JavaFX technology.
    Copyright © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher, with the exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication. ISBN: 978-0-07-184366-9 MHID: 0-07-184366-3 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07- 184365-2, MHID: 0-07-184365-5. eBook conversion by codeMantra Version 1.0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill Education eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative, please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com. Information has been obtained by McGraw-Hill Education from sources believed to be reliable. However, because of the possibility of human or mechanical error by our sources, McGraw-Hill Education, or others, McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or the results obtained from the use of such information. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and McGraw-Hill Education and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill Education’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL EDUCATION AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
    MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill Education and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill Education nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill Education has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise.
    I dedicate this book to all of you passionate geeks. The future of mankind is truly in your hands now.
    Contents at a Glance Chapter 1Core Concepts Chapter 2Principles of Good Software Design Chapter 3Building the Front-End Layer Chapter 4Web Services Chapter 5Data Layer Chapter 6Caching Chapter 7Asynchronous Processing Chapter 8Searching for Data Chapter 9Other Dimensions of Scalability AppendixReferences Index
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