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Nastran Linear Static Analysis.pdf

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    Return to MSC.Nastran Directory
    Preface
    About This Book
    List of MSC.Nastran Books
    Technical Support
    Internet Resources
    Permission to Copy and Distribute MSC Documentation
    Introduction
    1.1 Introduction
    1.2 Scope
    1.3 Using the Finite Element Method
    1.4 A Simple Problem
    Organization of MSC.Nastran Files
    2.1 Introduction to Organization of MSC.Nastran Files
    2.2 Overview of the MSC.Nastran Input Files
    The NASTRAN Statement
    File Management Section
    Executive Control Section
    Case Control Section
    Bulk Data Section
    2.3 Overview of the MSC.Nastran Output Files
    2.4 The Executive Control Section
    2.5 The Case Control Section
    2.6 The Bulk Data Section
    Grid Points, Scalar Points, and Coordinate Systems
    3.1 Introduction to Degrees of Freedom
    3.2 Grid Points
    3.3 Scalar Points
    3.4 Coordinate Systems
    User-Defined Coordinate Systems
    CORD1R and CORD2R Bulk Data Entries
    CORD1C and CORD2C Bulk Data Entries
    CORD1S and CORD2S Bulk Data Entries
    The Element and Material Coordinate System
    MSC.Nastran Elements
    4.1 Introduction to MSC.Nastran Elements
    Scalar Elements
    One-Dimensional Elements
    Two-Dimensional Elements
    Three-Dimensional Elements
    4.2 Scalar Elements
    4.3 One-Dimensional Elements
    The CROD Element
    The CBAR Element
    PBARL -- An Alternate and Convenient Method for Defining Bar Cross Sections
    The CBEAM Element
    PBEAML-- An Alternate and Convenient Method for Defining CBEAM Cross Sections
    The CBEND Element
    4.4 Two-Dimensional Elements
    The CQUAD4 and CTRIA3 Elements
    The CQUAD8 and CTRIA6 Elements
    Shell Element Force, Stress, and Strain Output in the Material Coordinate System
    Input
    Output
    Guidelines and Limitations
    The CQUADR and CTRIAR Elements
    The Shear Panel Element (CSHEAR)
    Two-Dimensional Crack Tip Element (CRAC2D)
    4.5 Three-Dimensional Elements
    The CHEXA, CPENTA, and CTETRA Elements
    The CTRIAX6 Element
    Three-Dimensional Crack Tip Element (CRAC3D)
    4.6 CBUSH Elements
    4.7 The GENEL Element
    4.8 CWELD Connector Element
    Introduction
    Connectivity Definition
    Property Definition
    Finite Element Representation of the Connector
    Results Output
    Example (CWELD101a-b.DAT)
    Guidelines and Remarks
    Material Properties and Composites
    5.1 Introduction to Material Properties
    5.2 Isotropic Material (MAT1)
    5.3 Two-Dimensional Anisotropic Material (MAT2)
    5.4 Axisymmetric Solid Orthotropic Material (MAT3)
    5.5 Two-Dimensional Orthotropic Material (MAT8)
    5.6 Three-Dimensional Anisotropic Material (MAT9)
    Part 1 -- Develop the Material Matrix
    Part 2 -- Verify the Material Matrix
    Part 3 - Use the Anisotropic Material in the Actual Structure
    5.7 The PSHELL Entry
    5.8 The Composite Element (PCOMP)
    5.9 Equivalent Composite Honeycomb Section
    Static Loads
    6.1 Introduction to Static Loads
    6.2 Loads on Grid Points and Scalar Points
    6.3 Distributed Loads on Line Elements
    6.4 Distributed Loads on Surfaces
    6.5 Gravity and Centrifugal Force (GRAV, RFORCE)
    Defining Mass in Your Model
    6.6 Initial Strains (DEFORM)
    6.7 Load Combinations
    6.8 Thermal Loads
    Using the SUBCOM with Thermal Loads
    Constraints
    7.1 Introduction to Constraints
    7.2 Single-Point Constraints
    7.3 Automatic Application of Single-Point Constraints (AUTOSPC)
    7.4 Enforced Displacements at Grid Points (SPCD, SPC)
    7.5 Multipoint Constraints
    7.6 Contact Problem Using Linear Static Analysis
    Introduction
    Input
    Output
    Limitations
    Examples
    R-Type Elements
    8.1 Introduction to R-Type Elements
    8.2 Description of the R-Type Elements
    8.3 The RBAR Element
    8.4 The RBE2 Element
    8.5 The RBE3 Element
    Modeling Guidelines
    9.1 Introduction to Modeling Guidelines
    9.2 Choosing the Right Element
    General Guidelines
    Zero-Dimensional Elements
    One-Dimensional Elements
    Two-Dimensional Elements
    Shell Normals
    Remarks and Recommendations
    Three-Dimensional Elements
    R-Type Elements
    9.3 Mesh Density
    9.4 Mesh Transitions
    Transition from a Coarse Mesh to a Fine Mesh
    Mesh Transition Between Dissimilar Element Types
    Shell-to-Solid Transition Element (RSSCON)
    RSSCON Modeling Recommendations
    9.5 Grid Point Stresses
    Description of the Grid Point Stress Method
    Topological Method - Plate Elements and Solid Elements
    Treatment of Exception Points
    Grid Point Stress User Interface
    9.6 Consistent Loading
    9.7 Symmetry
    User Interface
    Model Verification
    10.1 Introduction to Model Verification
    10.2 Preprocessor Checks
    Shrink Plot
    Hidden Line/Shaded Plots
    Free Edge/Face
    Zipper Effect
    CBAR/CBEAM Orientation and Offset Check
    Duplicate Grid Points/Elements
    Properties/Material Plots
    Consistent Plate Normals
    10.3 Strain Energy Output
    10.4 Diagnostic Tools
    Element Summary Output
    Element Geometry Checks
    Overview
    GEOMCHECK Statement
    Geometry Test Descriptions
    BAR and BEAM
    CQUAD4 and CQUADR
    CTRIA3 and CTRIAR
    CHEXA, CPENTA and CTETRA
    User Interface:
    Examples:
    Sample Output:
    Weight Center of Gravity and Moment of Inertia Check
    Mechanisms and Singularities
    Applied Loads Check
    Reaction Load
    1g Load
    Output of Maximum, Minimum Grid Point-Based Responses
    Overview
    MAXMIN Sample Output
    Unconstrained Equilibrium Check
    Automatic Identification of Unintentional Grounding
    Thermal Equilibrium Check
    Grid Point Force Balance
    10.5 Stress Error Estimators
    Grid Point Stress Discontinuities
    NORMAL-X Stress
    Element Stress Discontinuities
    NORMAL-X Stress
    Discussion of Error Measures
    User Interface
    10.6 Postprocessor Checks
    Displacement
    Stress Contours
    Grid Point Stress and Stress Discontinuity Plots
    Element Strain Energy Plots
    Summary
    Inertia Relief
    11.1 Introduction to Inertia Relief
    11.2 Description of Inertia Relief Using PARAM,INREL,-1
    11.3 Implementation of Inertia Relief in MSC.Nastran Using PARAM,INREL,-1
    11.4 Automatic Inertia Relief
    Limitations for the Automatic Inertia Relief Method
    Matrix Operations
    12.1 Introduction to Matrix Operations
    12.2 Set Definition
    The Global Displacement Set
    Subsets of the Global Displacement Set
    12.3 Static Condensation (Guyan Reduction)
    User Interface
    12.4 Direct Matrix Input
    DMIG
    DMIG Bulk Data User Interface
    DMIG Case Control User Interface
    DMIG Examples
    Stiffness Matrix Using DMIG
    Mass Matrix Using DMIG
    Load Matrix Using DMIG
    Linear Buckling
    13.1 Introduction to Linear Buckling
    13.2 Finite Element Approach
    13.3 Eigenvalue Extraction Method
    Inverse Power Method (INV)
    Enhanced Inverse Power Method (SINV)
    Lanczos Method
    Comparison of Methods
    User Interface
    13.4 Assumptions and Limitations of Linear Buckling Analysis
    13.5 Examples
    Example 1 -- Classical Euler Beam Buckling
    MSC.Nastran Results for Example 1
    Theoretical Results for Example 1
    Example 2 -- Lateral Buckling
    MSC.Nastran Results for Example 2
    Theoretical Results for Example 2
    Example 3 -- Planar Frame Buckling
    MSC.Nastran Results for Example 3
    Theoretical Results for Example 3
    Example 4 -- Buckling of a Stiffened Panel with Transverse Shear Flexibility
    MSC.Nastran Results for Example 4
    Theoretical Results for Example 4
    Example 5 -- Buckling of a Cylinder Under Uniform Axial Load
    MSC.Nastran Results for Example 5
    Theoretical Results for Example 5
    Example 6 -- Multiple Buckling Analyses in a Single Run
    Restarts
    14.1 Introduction to Restarts
    14.2 Types of Restarts
    14.3 Structure of the MSC.Nastran Input File
    14.4 User Interface for Read-Write Restart
    Cold Start Run
    Restart Run
    NASTRAN Statement Section
    14.5 Determining the Version for a Restart
    14.6 Read-Only Restarts
    14.7 Mini-Database Restarts
    14.8 Miscellaneous Applications
    Bulk Data Listing
    Summary
    Database Management
    15.1 Introduction to Database Management
    15.2 Definitions
    15.3 MSC.Nastran Database
    15.4 File Management Section
    INIT
    Purpose
    Format (Simplified) for All DBsets Except SCRATCH DBsets
    Example A
    Format (Simplified) for the SCRATCH DBset
    Example B
    ASSIGN
    Purpose
    Format (Simplified) to Assign Logical Files
    Example C
    Format (Simplified) to Assign FORTRAN Files
    Example D
    EXPAND
    Purpose
    Format
    Example E
    RESTART
    Purpose
    Format
    Example F
    DBCLEAN
    Purpose
    Format
    Example G
    DBDIR
    Purpose
    Format
    Example H
    INCLUDE
    Purpose
    Format
    15.5 Guidelines for Large Problems
    Example I
    Example J
    Example K
    Example L
    BUFFSIZE
    Example M
    Summary
    Cyclic Symmetry
    16.1 Introduction to Cyclic Symmetry
    16.2 Description of Geometric Symmetry in MSC.Nastran
    16.3 Mathematical Description of Structural Symmetry
    Reflective Symmetry
    Axisymmetry
    Rotational Symmetry
    Dihedral Symmetry
    16.4 Bulk Data Entries for Cyclic Symmetry
    LOADCYN, LOADCYH, and LOADCYT Bulk Data Entries
    16.5 Case Control Section for Cyclic Symmetry
    16.6 Axisymmetric Example
    Glossary of Terms
    Grid Point Weight Generator
    2.1 Introduction to Grid Point Weight Generation
    2.2 Commonly Used Features
    2.3 Example with Direction-Dependent Masses
    Summary of Basic Case Control Commands
    Summary of Basic Bulk Data Entries
    Output Listing
    5.1 Examples List
    Parameters
    Resource Estimation
    Generating the Cylinder in MSC.Patran
    8.1 Procedures
    Opening a New Database
    Using the Viewing/Angles Option
    Create Named Views
    Applying Named Views
    Create a Point and a Coordinate System
    Create Point Translate Option
    Create Curve Revolve Option
    Create Surface Extrude Option
    Create Surface Rotate Option
    Changing the Graphics Preferences
    Create Mesh Seed
    Create Mesh Using QUAD4 Elements
    Equivalence Method
    Using the View/Named View Options
    Create a Node
    Create and Post a New Group
    Create an RBE3 Element
    Create Element Properties
    Create Two Displacement Constraints
    Create Applied Force
    Create a New Group
    Plotting the Load/BCs Markers
    MSC.Nastran 2003 Linear Static Analysis User’s Guide
    Corporate MSC.Software Corporation 2 MacArthur Place Santa Ana, CA 92707 USA Telephone: (800) 345-2078 Fax: (714) 784-4056 Europe MSC.Software GmbH Am Moosfeld 13 81829 Munich, Germany Telephone: (49) (89) 43 19 87 0 Fax: (49) (89) 43 61 71 6 Asia Pacific MSC.Software Japan Ltd. Shinjuku First West 8F 23-7 Nishi Shinjuku 1-Chome, Shinjyku-Ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan Telephone: (81) (03) 6911 1200 Fax: (81) (03) 6911 1201 Worldwide Web www.mscsoftware.com Disclaimer This documentation, as well as the software described in it, is furnished under license and may be used only in accordance with the terms of such license. MSC.Software Corporation reserves the right to make changes in specifications and other information contained in this document without prior notice. The concepts, methods, and examples presented in this text are for illustrative and educational purposes only, and are not intended to be exhaustive or to apply to any particular engineering problem or design. MSC.Software Corporation assumes no liability or responsibility to any person or company for direct or indirect damages resulting from the use of any information contained herein. User Documentation: Copyright  2004 MSC.Software Corporation. Printed in U.S.A. All Rights Reserved. This notice shall be marked on any reproduction of this documentation, in whole or in part. Any reproduction or distribution of this document, in whole or in part, without the prior written consent of MSC.Software Corporation is prohibited. The software described herein may contain certain third-party software that is protected by copyright and licensed from MSC.Software suppliers. MSC, MSC/, MSC., MSC.Dytran, MSC.Fatigue, MSC.Marc, MSC.Patran, MSC.Patran Analysis Manager, MSC.Patran CATXPRES, MSC.Patran FEA, MSC.Patran Laminate Modeler, MSC.Patran Materials, MSC.Patran Thermal, MSC.Patran Queue Manager and PATRAN are trademarks or registered trademarks of MSC.Software Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. NASTRAN is a registered trademark of NASA. PAM-CRASH is a trademark or registered trademark of ESI Group. SAMCEF is a trademark or registered trademark of Samtech SA. LS-DYNA is a trademark or registered trademark of Livermore Software Technology Corporation. ANSYS is a registered trademark of SAS IP, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of ANSYS Inc. ABAQUS is a registered trademark of ABAQUS Inc. ACIS is a registered trademark of Spatial Technology, Inc. CATIA is a registered trademark of Dassault Systemes, SA. EUCLID is a registered trademark of Matra Datavision Corporation. FLEXlm is a registered trademark of GLOBEtrotter Software, Inc. HPGL is a trademark of Hewlett Packard. PostScript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems, Inc. PTC, CADDS and Pro/ENGINEER are trademarks or registered trademarks of Parametric Technology Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and/or other countries.Unigraphics, Parasolid and I-DEAS are registered trademarks of Electronic Data Systems Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and/or other countries. All other brand names, product names or trademarks belong to their respective owners.
    C O N T E N T S MSC.Nastran Linear Static Analysis User’s Guide MSC.Nastran Linear Static Analy- sis User’s Guide Preface 1 Introduction 2 Organization of MSC.Nastran Files I About This Book, xii I List of MSC.Nastran Books, xiii I Technical Support, xiv I Internet Resources, xvii I Permission to Copy and Distribute MSC Documentation, xix I Introduction, 2 I Scope, 3 I Using the Finite Element Method, 4 I A Simple Problem, 11 I Introduction to Organization of MSC.Nastran Files, 20 I Overview of the MSC.Nastran Input Files, 21 ❑ The NASTRAN Statement, 23 ❑ File Management Section, 23 ❑ Executive Control Section, 23 ❑ Case Control Section, 23 ❑ Bulk Data Section, 24 I Overview of the MSC.Nastran Output Files, 27 I The Executive Control Section, 32 I The Case Control Section, 34 I The Bulk Data Section, 41 3 Grid Points, Scalar Points, and Coordinate Systems I Introduction to Degrees of Freedom, 48 I Grid Points, 49 I Scalar Points, 51 I Coordinate Systems, 52 ❑ User-Defined Coordinate Systems, 54
    ❑ CORD1R and CORD2R Bulk Data Entries, 54 ❑ CORD1C and CORD2C Bulk Data Entries, 58 ❑ CORD1S and CORD2S Bulk Data Entries, 59 ❑ The Element and Material Coordinate System, 62 4 MSC.Nastran Elements I Introduction to MSC.Nastran Elements, 66 ❑ Scalar Elements, 66 ❑ One-Dimensional Elements, 66 ❑ Two-Dimensional Elements, 67 ❑ Three-Dimensional Elements, 68 I Scalar Elements, 69 I One-Dimensional Elements, 73 ❑ The CROD Element, 73 ❑ The CBAR Element, 77 ❑ PBARL -- An Alternate and Convenient Method for Defining Bar Cross Sections, 87 ❑ The CBEAM Element, 103 ❑ PBEAML-- An Alternate and Convenient Method for Defining CBEAM Cross Sections, 113 I Two-Dimensional Elements, 127 ❑ The CQUAD4 and CTRIA3 Elements, 127 ❑ The CQUAD8 and CTRIA6 Elements, 139 ❑ Shell Element Force, Stress, and Strain Output in the Material Coordinate System, 140 Input, 141 ❑ Output, 141 ❑ Guidelines and Limitations, 142 ❑ The CQUADR and CTRIAR Elements, 142 ❑ The Shear Panel Element (CSHEAR), 143 ❑ Two-Dimensional Crack Tip Element (CRAC2D), 145 I Three-Dimensional Elements, 148 ❑ The CHEXA, CPENTA, and CTETRA Elements, 148 ❑ The CTRIAX6 Element, 152 ❑ Three-Dimensional Crack Tip Element (CRAC3D), 153 I CBUSH Elements, 156 I The GENEL Element, 160 I CWELD Connector Element, 165 Introduction, 165 ❑ Connectivity Definition, 165 ❑ Property Definition, 168 ❑ Finite Element Representation of the Connector, 169 ❑ Results Output, 170 ❑ Example (CWELD101a-b.DAT), 171 ❑ Guidelines and Remarks, 174 ❑ ❑
    5 Material Properties and Composites 6 Static Loads 7 Constraints I Introduction to Material Properties, 178 I Isotropic Material (MAT1), 179 I Two-Dimensional Anisotropic Material (MAT2), 181 I Axisymmetric Solid Orthotropic Material (MAT3), 182 I Two-Dimensional Orthotropic Material (MAT8), 183 I Three-Dimensional Anisotropic Material (MAT9), 187 ❑ Part 1 -- Develop the Material Matrix, 189 ❑ Part 2 -- Verify the Material Matrix, 190 ❑ Part 3 - Use the Anisotropic Material in the Actual Structure, 193 I The PSHELL Entry, 197 I The Composite Element (PCOMP), 199 I Equivalent Composite Honeycomb Section, 208 I Introduction to Static Loads, 218 I Loads on Grid Points and Scalar Points, 219 I Distributed Loads on Line Elements, 223 I Distributed Loads on Surfaces, 230 I Gravity and Centrifugal Force (GRAV, RFORCE), 234 ❑ Defining Mass in Your Model, 236 I Initial Strains (DEFORM), 241 I Load Combinations, 245 I Thermal Loads, 249 ❑ Using the SUBCOM with Thermal Loads, 249 I Introduction to Constraints, 259 I Single-Point Constraints, 260 I Automatic Application of Single-Point Constraints (AUTOSPC), 263 I Enforced Displacements at Grid Points (SPCD, SPC), 267 I Multipoint Constraints, 271 I Contact Problem Using Linear Static Analysis, 275 Introduction, 275 Input, 275 ❑ Output, 276 ❑ Limitations, 276 ❑ Examples, 277 ❑ ❑
    8 R-Type Elements 9 Modeling Guidelines I Introduction to R-Type Elements, 286 I Description of the R-Type Elements, 287 I The RBAR Element, 290 I The RBE2 Element, 297 I The RBE3 Element, 301 I Introduction to Modeling Guidelines, 312 I Choosing the Right Element, 313 ❑ General Guidelines, 313 ❑ Zero-Dimensional Elements, 313 ❑ One-Dimensional Elements, 314 ❑ Two-Dimensional Elements, 314 ❑ Shell Normals, 316 ❑ Remarks and Recommendations, 318 ❑ Three-Dimensional Elements, 318 ❑ R-Type Elements, 319 I Mesh Density, 320 I Mesh Transitions, 327 10 Model Verification ❑ Transition from a Coarse Mesh to a Fine Mesh, 327 ❑ Mesh Transition Between Dissimilar Element Types, 336 ❑ Shell-to-Solid Transition Element (RSSCON), 338 I Grid Point Stresses, 349 ❑ Description of the Grid Point Stress Method, 351 ❑ Topological Method - Plate Elements and Solid Elements, 352 ❑ Treatment of Exception Points, 356 ❑ Grid Point Stress User Interface, 357 I Consistent Loading, 360 I Symmetry, 363 ❑ User Interface, 365 I Introduction to Model Verification, 370 I Preprocessor Checks, 371 ❑ Shrink Plot, 371 ❑ Hidden Line/Shaded Plots, 372 ❑ Free Edge/Face, 373 ❑ Zipper Effect, 374 ❑ CBAR/CBEAM Orientation and Offset Check, 375 ❑ Duplicate Grid Points/Elements, 375 ❑ Properties/Material Plots, 375 ❑ Consistent Plate Normals, 375 I Strain Energy Output, 379
    I Diagnostic Tools, 386 ❑ Element Summary Output, 387 ❑ Element Geometry Checks, 387 ❑ Weight Center of Gravity and Moment of Inertia Check, 395 ❑ Mechanisms and Singularities, 397 ❑ Applied Loads Check, 400 ❑ Reaction Load, 402 ❑ 1g Load, 403 ❑ Output of Maximum, Minimum Grid Point-Based Responses, 403 ❑ Unconstrained Equilibrium Check, 409 ❑ Automatic Identification of Unintentional Grounding, 410 ❑ Thermal Equilibrium Check, 412 ❑ Grid Point Force Balance, 412 I Stress Error Estimators, 418 ❑ Grid Point Stress Discontinuities, 419 ❑ Element Stress Discontinuities, 423 ❑ Discussion of Error Measures, 425 ❑ User Interface, 426 I Postprocessor Checks, 428 ❑ Summary, 433 I Introduction to Inertia Relief, 436 I Description of Inertia Relief Using PARAM,INREL,-1, 437 I Implementation of Inertia Relief in MSC.Nastran Using PARAM,INREL,-1, 438 I Automatic Inertia Relief, 451 ❑ Limitations for the Automatic Inertia Relief Method, 452 I Introduction to Matrix Operations, 456 I Set Definition, 457 ❑ The Global Displacement Set, 457 ❑ Subsets of the Global Displacement Set, 457 I Static Condensation (Guyan Reduction), 462 ❑ User Interface, 463 I Direct Matrix Input, 471 ❑ DMIG, 472 ❑ DMIG Bulk Data User Interface, 472 ❑ DMIG Case Control User Interface, 474 ❑ Stiffness Matrix Using DMIG, 475 ❑ Mass Matrix Using DMIG, 481 ❑ Load Matrix Using DMIG, 481 11 Inertia Relief 12 Matrix Operations 13 Linear Buckling I Introduction to Linear Buckling, 486
    I Finite Element Approach, 487 I Eigenvalue Extraction Method, 493 Inverse Power Method (INV), 493 ❑ Enhanced Inverse Power Method (SINV), 493 ❑ Lanczos Method, 494 ❑ Comparison of Methods, 494 ❑ User Interface, 494 I Assumptions and Limitations of Linear Buckling Analysis, 497 I Examples, 498 ❑ Example 1 -- Classical Euler Beam Buckling, 498 ❑ MSC.Nastran Results for Example 1, 499 ❑ Theoretical Results for Example 1, 502 ❑ Example 2 -- Lateral Buckling, 503 ❑ MSC.Nastran Results for Example 2, 503 ❑ Theoretical Results for Example 2, 507 ❑ Example 3 -- Planar Frame Buckling, 508 ❑ MSC.Nastran Results for Example 3, 509 ❑ Theoretical Results for Example 3, 510 ❑ Example 4 -- Buckling of a Stiffened Panel with Transverse Shear Flexibility, 510 ❑ MSC.Nastran Results for Example 4, 511 ❑ Theoretical Results for Example 4, 513 ❑ Example 5 -- Buckling of a Cylinder Under Uniform Axial Load, 514 ❑ MSC.Nastran Results for Example 5, 515 ❑ Theoretical Results for Example 5, 517 ❑ Example 6 -- Multiple Buckling Analyses in a Single Run, 518 14 Restarts 15 Database Management I Introduction to Restarts, 522 I Types of Restarts, 523 I Structure of the MSC.Nastran Input File, 524 I User Interface for Read-Write Restart, 525 ❑ Cold Start Run, 525 ❑ Restart Run, 525 I Determining the Version for a Restart, 535 I Read-Only Restarts, 537 I Mini-Database Restarts, 538 I Miscellaneous Applications, 539 ❑ Bulk Data Listing, 539 ❑ Summary, 539 I Introduction to Database Management, 542 I Definitions, 543 I MSC.Nastran Database, 544 ❑
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