1999 年上海华东师范大学生态学考研真题 一. 名词解释（共 40 分，每题 4 分） 生态位 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 内禀增长率 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 生物地化循环 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 生态入侵 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 生活型 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 顶极群落 

_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 生物多样性 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 林德曼效率 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 种群增长类型 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ K 选择 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 二. 问答题 （任选 5 题，每题 12 分，共 60 分） 1.光作为重要的生态因子有哪些特点?其对动物和植物各有什么生态作用? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 

2.解释"耐受性定律"，并举例说明其在环境保护研究中的应用。 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 3.评述几种（至少 3 种）当前流行的种群调节学说。 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 4.用种群消长数学公式或曲线图结合文字说明讨论两物种竞争的过程和结果。 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 5.概述生态系统初级生产力测定的常用方法。 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 6.请自选一个自然生态系统，说明其主要结构和功能。 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________