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    Pthreads Programming
    Table of Contents
    Preface
    Example Programs
    Typographical Conventions
    Acknowledgments
    Appendix A - Pthreads and DCE
    What Does the DCE Programmer Have to Do?
    Example: The ATM as a DCE Server
    Appendix C - Pthreads Quick Reference
    Pthreads Programming - Pthreads Programming Bradford Nichols, Dick Buttlar and Jacqueline Proulx Farrell Compiled by Terrence Copyright © 1996 O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Pthreads Programming By Bradford Nichols, Dick Buttlar, and Jackie Farrell Copyright © 1996 O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Published by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 101 Morris Street, Sebastopol, CA 95472 Editor: Andy Oram Production Editor: Nancy Crumpton Printing History: September 1996: First Edition February 1998: Minor corrections Nutshell Handbook and the Nutshell Handbook Logo are registered trademarks and The Java Series is a trademark of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps.
    While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN: 1-5692-115-1 Books24x7.com, Inc © 2000 Feedback
    Pthreads Programming Contents Preface Contents Organization Example Programs FTP Typographical Conventions Acknowledgments Chapter 1 - - Why Threads Overview What Are Pthreads? Potential Parallelism Specifying Potential Parallelism in a Concurrent Programming Environment UNIX Concurrent Programming: Multiple Processes Pthreads Concurrent Programming: Multiple Threads Parallel vs. Concurrent Programming Synchronization Sharing Process Resources Communication Scheduling Who Am I? Who Are You? Terminating Thread Execution Exit Status and Return Values Pthreads Library Calls and Errors Why Use Threads Over Processes? A Structured Programming Environment Choosing Which Applications to Thread Chapter 2 - - Designing Threaded Programs Overview Suitable Tasks for Threading Models Boss/Worker Model Peer Model Pipeline Model Buffering Data Between Threads Some Common Problems Performance Example: An ATM Server
    The Serial ATM Server The Multithreaded ATM Server Example: A Matrix Multiplication Program The Serial Matrix-Multiply Program The Multithreaded Matrix-Multiply Program Chapter 3 - - Synchronizing Pthreads Overview Selecting the Right Synchronization Tool Mutex Variables Using Mutexes Error Detection and Return Values Using pthread_mutex_trylock When Other Tools Are Better Some Shortcomings of Mutexes Contention for a Mutex Example: Using Mutexes in a Linked List Complex Data Structures and Lock Granularity Requirements and Goals for Synchronization Access Patterns and Granularity Locking Hierarchies Sharing a Mutex Among Processes Condition Variables Using a Mutex with a Condition Variable When Many Threads Are Waiting Checking the Condition on Wake Up: Spurious Wake Ups Condition Variable Attributes Condition Variables and UNIX Signals Condition Variables and Cancellation Reader/Writer Locks Synchronization in the ATM Server Synchronizing Access to Account Data Limiting the Number of Worker Threads Synchronizing a Server Shutdown Thread Pools An ATM Server Example That Uses a Thread Pool Chapter 4 - - Managing Pthreads Overview Setting Thread Attributes Setting a Thread’s Stack Size
    Example: The ATM Server’s Communication Module Setting a Thread’s Detached State Setting Multiple Attributes Destroying a Thread Attribute Object The pthread_once Mechanism Keys: Using Thread-Specific Data Initializing a Key: pthread_key_create Associating Data with a Key Retrieving Data from a Key Destructors Cancellation The Complication with Cancellation Cancelability Types and States Cancellation Points: More on Deferred Cancellation A Simple Cancellation Example Cleanup Stacks Cancellation in the ATM Server Scheduling Pthreads Scheduling Priority and Policy Scheduling Scope and Allocation Domains Runnable and Blocked Threads Scheduling Priority Scheduling Policy Using Priorities and Policies Setting Scheduling Policy and Priority Inheritance Scheduling in the ATM Server Mutex Scheduling Attributes Priority Ceiling Priority Inheritance The ATM Example and Priority Inversion Chapter 5 - - Pthreads and UNIX Overview Threads and Signals Traditional Signal Processing Signal Processing in a Multithreaded World Threads in Signal Handlers A Simple Example Some Signal Issues
    Handling Signals in the ATM Example Threadsafe Library Functions and System Calls Threadsafe and Reentrant Functions Example of Thread-Unsafe and Threadsafe Versions of the Same Function Functions That Return Pointers to Static Data Library Use of errno The Pthreads Standard Specifies Which Functions Must Be Threadsafe Using Thread-Unsafe Functions in a Multithreaded Program Cancellation-Safe Library Functions and System Calls Asynchronous Cancellation-Safe Functions Cancellation Points in System and Library Calls Thread-Blocking Library Functions and System Calls Threads and Process Management Calling fork from a Thread Calling exec from a Thread Process Exit and Threads Multiprocessor Memory Synchronization Chapter 6 - - Practical Considerations Overview Understanding Pthreads Implementation Two Worlds Two Kinds of Threads Who’s Providing the Thread? Debugging Deadlock Race Conditions Event Ordering Less Is Better Trace Statements Debugger Support for Threads Example: Debugging the ATM Server Performance The Costs of Sharing Too Much—Locking Thread Overhead Synchronization Overhead How Do Your Threads Spend Their Time? Performance in the ATM Server Example
    Conclusion Appendix A - - Pthreads and DCE The Structure of a DCE Server What Does the DCE Programmer Have to Do? Example: The ATM as a DCE Server Appendix B - - Pthreads Draft 4 vs. the Final Standard Detaching a Thread Mutex Variables Condition Variables Thread Attributes The pthread_once Function Keys Cancellation Scheduling Signals Threadsafe System Interfaces Error Reporting System Interfaces and Cancellation-Safety Process-Blocking Calls Process Management Appendix C - - Pthreads Quick Reference
    Preface - Pthreads Programming Bradford Nichols, Dick Buttlar and Jacqueline Proulx Farrell Copyright © 1996 O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Preface It's been quite a while since the people from whom we get our project assignments accepted the excuse "Gimme a break! I can only do one thing at a time!" It used to be such a good excuse, too, when things moved just a bit slower and a good day was measured in written lines of code. In fact, today we often do many things at a time. We finish off breakfast on the way into work; we scan the Internet for sports scores and stock prices while our application is building; we'd even read the morning paper in the shower if the right technology were in place! Being busy with multiple things is nothing new, though. (We'll just give it a new computer-age name, like multitasking, because computers are happiest when we avoid describing them in anthropomorphic terms.) It's the way of the natural worldwe wouldn't be able to write this book if all the body parts needed to keep our fingers moving and our brains engaged didn't work together at the same time. It's the way of the mechanical worldwe wouldn't have been able to get to this lovely prefabricated office building to do our work if the various, clanking parts of our automobiles didn't work together (most of the time). It's the way of the social and business worldthree authoring tasks went into the making of this book, and the number of tasks, all happening at once, grew exponentially as it went into its review cycles and entered production. Computer hardware and operating systems have been capable of multitasking for years. CPUs using a RISC (reduced instruction set computing) microprocessor break down the processing of individual machine instructions into a number of separate tasks. By pipelining each instruction through each task, a RISC machine can have many instructions in progress at the same time. The end result is the heralded speed and throughput of RISC processors. Time-sharing operating systems have been allowing users nearly simultaneous access to the processor for longer than we can remember. Their ability to schedule different tasks (typically called processes) really pays off when separate tasks can actually execute simultaneously on separate CPUs in a multiprocessor system.
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