Keil A51参考手册.pdf

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Chapter 1. Introduction

What is an Assembler?

How to Develop A Program

Advantages of Modular Programming

Efficient Program Development

Multiple Use of Subprograms

Ease of Debugging and Modifying

Modular Program Development Process

Segments, Modules, and Programs

Program Entry and Exit

Assembly

Relocation and Linkage

Keeping Track of Files

Writing and Assembling Programs

Chapter 2. 8051 and MCS 251 Architecture

New Features of the MCS 251 Architecture

8051 and MCS 251 Memory Model

8051 Address Space

Program Memory

Internal Data Memory

External Memory

Memory Classes

8051 and MCS 251 Register File

Special Function Registers

Differences to the 8051

8051 Compatibility

Timing Issues

Stack Pointer (SPX)

Program Status Word

PSW Bit Definitions

Chapter 3. Writing Assembly Programs

Assembly Statements

Directives

Controls

Instructions

Comments

Symbols

Symbol Names

Labels

Operands

Special Assembler Symbols

Immediate Data

Indirect Addresses

IDATA

XDATA

CODE and CONST †

EDATA †

HDATA †

Direct Data Addresses

Direct Bit Addresses

Program Addresses

Relative Jumps

In-Block Jumps and Calls (ACALL and AJMP)

Long Jumps and Calls (LJMP and LCALL)

Extended Jumps and Calls (EJMP and ECALL)

Generic Jump and Call (JMP and CALL)

Expressions and Operators

Numbers

Characters

Character Strings

Location Counter

Operators

Arithmetic Operators

Binary Operators

Relational Operators

Class Operators

Type Operators †

Miscellaneous Operators

Operator Precedence

Expressions

Expression Classes

Relocatable Expressions

Simple Relocatable Expressions

Extended Relocatable Expressions

Chapter 4. Assembler Directives

Introduction

Segment Controls

Location Counter

Generic Segments

Stack Segment

Absolute Segments

Default Segment

SEGMENT

RSEG

BSEG, CSEG, DSEG, ISEG, XSEG

Symbol Definition

EQU, SET

CODE, DATA, IDATA, XDATA

LIT †

Memory Initialization

DD †

Memory Reservation

DBIT

DSB †

DSW †

DSD †

Procedure Declaration †

PROC / ENDP †

LABEL †

Program Linkage

PUBLIC

EXTRN / EXTERN

NAME

Address Control

ORG

EVEN †

USING

Other Directives

END

Chapter 5. Standard Macros

Directives

Defining a Macro

Parameters

Labels

Repeating Blocks

REPT

IRP

IRPC

Nested Definitions

Nested Repeating Blocks

Recursive Macros

Operators

NUL Operator

& Operator

< and > Operators

% Operator

;; Operator

! Operator

Invoking a Macro

Chapter 6. Macro Processing Language

Overview

Creating and Calling MPL Macros

Creating Parameterless Macros

MPL Macros with Parameters

Local Symbols List

Macro Processor Language Functions

Comment Function

Escape Function

Bracket Function

METACHAR Function

Numbers and Expressions

Numbers

Character Strings

SET Function

EVAL Function

Logical Expressions and String Comparison

Conditional MPL Processing

IF Function

WHILE Function

REPEAT Function

EXIT Function

String Manipulation Functions

LEN Function

SUBSTR Function

MATCH Function

Console I/O Functions

Advanced Macro Processing

Literal Delimiters

Blank Delimiters

Identifier Delimiters

Literal and Normal Mode

MACRO Errors

Chapter 7. Invocation and Controls

Running A251

Command Files

DOS ERRORLEVEL

Output Files

Assembler Controls

Directives for Conditional Assembly

Conditional Assembly Controls

Chapter 8. Error Messages

Fatal Errors

Fatal Error Messages

Non–Fatal Errors

Appendix A. 8051/251 Instruction Sets

MCS 251 Opcode Map

8051 Microcontroller Instructions

Appendix B. Directive Summary

Appendix F. Listing File Format

Assembler Listing File Format

Listing File Heading

Source Listing

Format for Macros, Include Files, and Save Stack

Symbol Table

Listing File Trailer

Appendix G. Program Template

Appendix H. Assembler Differences

Differences Between A51 and A251

Differences between A51 and ASM51

Differences between A251 and ASM51

Glossary

Index

A51 Assembler A251 Assembler Macro Assemblers for the 8051 and MCS® 251 Microcontrollers User’s Guide 04.95

ii Keil Software Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of the manufacturer. The software described in this document is furnished under license agreement or nondisclosure agreement and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the agreement. It is against the law to copy the software on any medium except as specifically allowed in the license or nondisclosure agreement. The purchaser may make one copy of the software for backup purposes. No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval systems, for any purpose other than for the purchaser’s personal use, without written permission. © Copyright 1988-1995 Keil Elektronik GmbH., and Keil Software, Inc. All rights reserved. Keil C51™ and dScope™ are trademarks of Keil Elektronik GmbH. Microsoft®, MS–DOS®, and Windows™ are trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. IBM®, PC®, and PS/2® are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation. Intel®, MCS® 51, MCS® 251, ASM–51®, and PL/M–51® are registered trademarks of Intel Corporation. Every effort was made to ensure accuracy in this manual and to give appropriate credit to persons, companies, and trademarks referenced herein. A15 D05/12/95

A51 Assembler / A251 Assembler iii Preface This manual describes how to use the A51 and A251 macro assemblers. The A51 and A251 assembler translate programs you write in assembly language into executable machine instructions. You may use the A51 assembler to assemble programs for the 8051 family of microcontrollers. You may use the A251 assembler to assemble programs for the 8051 family as well as the MCS 251 family of microcontrollers. This manual assumes that you are familiar with the MS-DOS operating system and know how to program the 8051 or MCS 251 microcontrollers. This manual is divided into the following chapters. “Chapter 1. Introduction,” describes the basics of assembly language programming. “Chapter 2. 8051 and MCS 251 Architecture,” contains an overview of the 8051 and MCS 251 hardware. “Chapter 3. Writing Assembly Programs,” describes assembler statements, operands and address descriptors, and the rules for arithmetic and logical expressions. “Chapter 4. Assembler Directives,” describes how to define segments and symbols and how to use all directives. “Chapter 5. Standard Macros,” describes the function of the standard macros and contains information for using standard macros. “Chapter 6. Macro Processing Language,” defines and describes the use of the Intel Macro Processing Language. “Chapter 7. Invocation and Controls,” describes how to invoke the assembler and how to control the assembler operation. “Chapter 8. Error Messages,” contains a list of all assembler error messages and describes their causes and how to avoid them. The Appendix includes information on the 8051 and MCS 251 instruction set, a summary of directives and controls, the differences between assembler versions, and other items of interest.

iv Preface Document Conventions This document uses the following conventions: Examples Description README.TXT Bold capital text is used for the names of executable programs, data files, source files, environment variables, and commands you enter at the MS-DOS command prompt. This text usually represents commands that you must type in literally. For example: CLS DIR BL51.EXE Courier Note that you are not required to enter these commands using all capital letters. Text in this typeface is used to represent information that displays on screen or prints at the printer. This typeface is also used within the text when discussing or describing command line items. Text in italics represents information that you must provide. For example, projectfile in a syntax string means that you must supply the actual project file name. Occasionally, italics are also used to emphasize words in the text. Elements that repeat… Ellipses (…) are used in examples to indicate an item that may be Variables Omitted code . . . !Optional Items" { opt1 | opt2 } Keys repeated. Vertical ellipses are used in source code examples to indicate that a fragment of the program is omitted. For example: void main (void) { . . . while (1); Optional arguments in command-line and option fields are indicated by double brackets. For example: C51 TEST.C PRINT !(filename)" Text contained within braces, separated by a vertical bar represents a group of items from which one must be chosen. The braces enclose all of the choices and the vertical bars separate the choices. One item in the list must be selected. Text in this sans serif typeface represents actual keys on the keyboard. For example, “Press Enter to continue.”

A51 Assembler / A251 Assembler v Contents Chapter 1. Introduction......................................................................................1 What is an Assembler?.................................................................................................. 1 How to Develop A Program ......................................................................................... 2 Advantages of Modular Programming .................................................................... 2 Efficient Program Development.............................................................................. 3 Multiple Use of Subprograms ................................................................................. 3 Ease of Debugging and Modifying.......................................................................... 3 Modular Program Development Process ...................................................................... 3 Segments, Modules, and Programs ......................................................................... 4 Program Entry and Exit........................................................................................... 4 Assembly................................................................................................................. 4 Relocation and Linkage........................................................................................... 5 Keeping Track of Files............................................................................................ 5 Writing and Assembling Programs ............................................................................... 6 Chapter 2. 8051 and MCS 251 Architecture ....................................................9 New Features of the MCS 251 Architecture ................................................................. 9 8051 and MCS 251 Memory Model ........................................................................... 10 8051 Address Space.............................................................................................. 11 Program Memory .................................................................................................. 12 Internal Data Memory ........................................................................................... 12 External Memory .................................................................................................. 12 Memory Classes .................................................................................................... 13 8051 and MCS 251 Register File................................................................................ 14 Special Function Registers .................................................................................... 16 Differences to the 8051............................................................................................... 16 8051 Compatibility ............................................................................................... 17 Timing Issues ........................................................................................................ 17 Stack Pointer (SPX) .............................................................................................. 17 Program Status Word ............................................................................................ 17 PSW Bit Definitions.............................................................................................. 18 Chapter 3. Writing Assembly Programs ........................................................19 Assembly Statements .................................................................................................. 19 Directives .............................................................................................................. 20 Controls................................................................................................................. 20 Instructions............................................................................................................ 20 Comments ................................................................................................................... 21 Symbols ...................................................................................................................... 22 Symbol Names ...................................................................................................... 22 Labels.......................................................................................................................... 23 Operands..................................................................................................................... 24 Special Assembler Symbols .................................................................................. 24

vi Contents Immediate Data .....................................................................................................25 Indirect Addresses .................................................................................................26 IDATA ..................................................................................................................26 XDATA.................................................................................................................26 CODE and CONST † ...........................................................................................26 EDATA † .............................................................................................................27 HDATA †.............................................................................................................27 Direct Data Addresses ...........................................................................................27 Direct Bit Addresses..............................................................................................28 Program Addresses................................................................................................28 Relative Jumps ......................................................................................................28 In-Block Jumps and Calls (ACALL and AJMP) ...................................................29 Long Jumps and Calls (LJMP and LCALL)..........................................................29 Extended Jumps and Calls (EJMP and ECALL) ...................................................29 Generic Jump and Call (JMP and CALL) .............................................................29 Expressions and Operators..........................................................................................30 Numbers ................................................................................................................30 Characters..............................................................................................................31 Character Strings ...................................................................................................32 Location Counter...................................................................................................32 Operators.....................................................................................................................33 Arithmetic Operators.............................................................................................33 Binary Operators ...................................................................................................34 Relational Operators..............................................................................................34 Class Operators .....................................................................................................35 Type Operators †..................................................................................................35 Miscellaneous Operators .......................................................................................36 Operator Precedence .............................................................................................37 Expressions .................................................................................................................37 Expression Classes ................................................................................................38 Relocatable Expressions........................................................................................39 Simple Relocatable Expressions............................................................................39 Extended Relocatable Expressions........................................................................40 Chapter 4. Assembler Directives .....................................................................41 Introduction.................................................................................................................41 Segment Controls ........................................................................................................42 Location Counter...................................................................................................42 Generic Segments..................................................................................................43 Stack Segment .......................................................................................................44 Absolute Segments ................................................................................................44 Default Segment ....................................................................................................45 SEGMENT............................................................................................................46 RSEG.....................................................................................................................49 BSEG, CSEG, DSEG, ISEG, XSEG.....................................................................50 Symbol Definition.......................................................................................................51

A51 Assembler / A251 Assembler vii EQU, SET ............................................................................................................. 51 CODE, DATA, IDATA, XDATA......................................................................... 52 LIT † .................................................................................................................... 54 Memory Initialization ................................................................................................. 56 DB......................................................................................................................... 56 DW........................................................................................................................ 56 DD †..................................................................................................................... 57 Memory Reservation................................................................................................... 58 DBIT ..................................................................................................................... 58 DS ......................................................................................................................... 59 DSB †................................................................................................................... 59 DSW †.................................................................................................................. 60 DSD † .................................................................................................................. 61 Procedure Declaration † ............................................................................................ 62 PROC / ENDP †................................................................................................... 62 LABEL †.............................................................................................................. 64 Program Linkage......................................................................................................... 65 PUBLIC ................................................................................................................ 65 EXTRN / EXTERN .............................................................................................. 65 NAME................................................................................................................... 66 Address Control .......................................................................................................... 67 ORG ...................................................................................................................... 67 EVEN †................................................................................................................ 68 USING .................................................................................................................. 69 Other Directives.......................................................................................................... 71 END ...................................................................................................................... 71 Chapter 5. Standard Macros............................................................................73 Directives.................................................................................................................... 74 Defining a Macro ........................................................................................................ 74 Parameters............................................................................................................. 75 Labels.................................................................................................................... 76 Repeating Blocks .................................................................................................. 77 REPT..................................................................................................................... 77 IRP ........................................................................................................................ 78 IRPC...................................................................................................................... 78 Nested Definitions................................................................................................. 79 Nested Repeating Blocks ...................................................................................... 80 Recursive Macros.................................................................................................. 80 Operators .................................................................................................................... 81 NUL Operator ....................................................................................................... 81 & Operator ............................................................................................................ 82 < and > Operators ................................................................................................. 83 % Operator............................................................................................................ 84 ;; Operator ............................................................................................................. 85 ! Operator.............................................................................................................. 85

viii Contents Invoking a Macro ........................................................................................................85 Chapter 6. Macro Processing Language .........................................................87 Overview.....................................................................................................................87 Creating and Calling MPL Macros .............................................................................87 Creating Parameterless Macros...................................................................................88 MPL Macros with Parameters.....................................................................................89 Local Symbols List......................................................................................................92 Macro Processor Language Functions ........................................................................93 Comment Function ................................................................................................93 Escape Function ....................................................................................................94 Bracket Function ...................................................................................................94 METACHAR Function .........................................................................................95 Numbers and Expressions .....................................................................................96 Numbers ................................................................................................................96 Character Strings ...................................................................................................97 SET Function.........................................................................................................98 EVAL Function .....................................................................................................99 Logical Expressions and String Comparison.........................................................99 Conditional MPL Processing ....................................................................................100 IF Function ..........................................................................................................101 WHILE Function.................................................................................................101 REPEAT Function...............................................................................................102 EXIT Function.....................................................................................................103 String Manipulation Functions..................................................................................103 LEN Function......................................................................................................104 SUBSTR Function...............................................................................................104 MATCH Function ...............................................................................................105 Console I/O Functions...............................................................................................106 Advanced Macro Processing.....................................................................................107 Literal Delimiters ................................................................................................107 Blank Delimiters..................................................................................................108 Identifier Delimiters ............................................................................................109 Literal and Normal Mode ....................................................................................109 MACRO Errors.........................................................................................................111 Chapter 7. Invocation and Controls..............................................................113 Running A251 ...........................................................................................................113 Command Files....................................................................................................114 DOS ERRORLEVEL ..........................................................................................114 Output Files .........................................................................................................114 Assembler Controls...................................................................................................115 COND / NOCOND .............................................................................................118 DATE ..................................................................................................................119 CASE †...............................................................................................................120 DEBUG...............................................................................................................121 EJECT .................................................................................................................122

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