福州大学物信学院考研专业英语翻译历年真题1.doc

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System-on-a-chip or system on chip (SoC or SOC) refers to integrating all components of a computer or other electronic system into a single integrated circuit (chip). It may contain digital,analog, mixed-signal,and often radio-frequency functions –all on a single chip substrate. A typical application is in the area of embedded systems.The contrast with a microcontroller is one of degree. Microcontrollers typically have under 100K of RAM (often just a few KBytes) and often really are single-chip-systems; whereas the term SoC is typically used with more powerful processors, capable of running software such as Windows or Linux, which need external memory chips (flash, RAM) to be useful, and which are used with various external peripherals. In short, for larger systems System-on-a-chip is hyperbole, indicating technical direction more than reality: increasing chip integration to reduce manufacturing costs and to enable smaller systems. Many interesting systems are too complex to fit on just one chip built with a process optimized for just one of the system's tasks.When it is not feasible to construct an SoC for a particular application, an alternative is a system in package (SiP) comprising a number of chips in a single package. In large volumes, SoC is believed to be more cost effective than SiP since it increases the yield of the fabrication and because its packaging is simpler. [1]Another option, as seen for example in higher end cell phones and on the Beagle Board,is package on package stacking during board assembly. The SoC chip includes processors and numerous digital peripherals, and comes in a ball grid package with lower and upper connections. The lower balls connect to the board and various peripherals, with the upper balls in a ring holding the memory busses used to access NAND flash and DDR2 RAM. Memory packages could come from multiple vendors. 系统上的一个芯片或片上系统是指整合到一个单一的集成电路（芯片）中的计算机或其它电子系统的所有组件。它可能包含数字，模拟，混合信号，并经常射频功能所有在单芯片上基板。一个典型的应用是在该地区与微控制器的嵌入式系统。对比程度。微控制器通常有 100K 的 RAM 下，往往真正的单芯片系统而长期的 SoC 通常用于更强大的处理器，能够运行的软件，如 Windows 或 Linux，这就需要外部存储器芯片是有用的，而且这是用来与各种外围设备。总之，对于较大的系统系统在一个芯片是夸张，超过现实的技术方向：芯片集成度提高，降低制造成本，实现更小的系统。许多有趣的系统过于复杂，以适应只是一个芯片内置一个过程的优化只是其中的一个系统的 tasks.When 为特定的应用程序构建的 SoC 是不可行的，另一种是系统级封装（SiP），包括许多芯片在单个封装中。在大容量，SOC 被认为是更具成本效益比 SiP 的，因为它的制造和增加产量，因为它的包装是简单的。另一种选择，例如在高端手机和在 Beagle Board 上，是包封装堆叠组装电路板时。 SoC 芯片包括处理器和大量的数字外设，和球栅封装与下部和上部的连接。较低的球板和各种外设，连接到环上球用于访问 NAND 闪存和 DDR2 RAM 内存总线。内存包可能来自多个供应商。 Electronics is a branch of science and technology that deals with the flow of electrons

through nonmetallic conductors, mainly semiconductors such as silicon. It is distinct from electrical science and technology, which deal with the flow of electrons and other charge carriers through metal conductors such as copper. This distinction started around 1906 with the invention by Lee De Forest of the triode. Until 1950 this field was called "radio technology" because its principal application was the design and theory of radio transmitters, receivers and vacuum tubes.The study of semiconductor devices and related technology is considered a branch of physics, whereas the design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems come under electronics engineering. This article focuses on engineering aspects of electronics. 电子是科学和技术的一个分支，涉及非金属导体，主要是如硅半导体的电子流通过。电子科学与技术，处理与流动的电子和其他电荷载体，通过金属导体（如铜）是不同的。这个的区别开始于 1906 年发明的三极管李德森林。直到 1950 年，这一领域被称为“无线电技术”，因为它的主要应用程序的设计和理论的无线电发射器，接收器和的真空 tubes.The 研究的半导体器件及相关技术被认为是物理学的一个分支，而电子产品的设计和施工电路，以解决实际问题，受到电子工程。本文的重点工程方面的电子产 higher unit cost), offer the generally 品。 A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit designed to be configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturing—hence "field-programmable". The FPGA configuration is generally specified using a hardware description language (HDL), similar to that used for an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) (circuit diagrams were previously used to specify the configuration, as they were for ASICs, but this is increasingly rare). FPGAs can be used to implement any logical function that an ASIC could perform. The ability to update the functionality after shipping, partial re-configuration of a portion of the design[1] and the low non-recurring engineering costs relative to an ASIC design (notwithstanding for many applications.FPGAs contain programmable logic components called "logic blocks", and a hierarchy of "wired together"—somewhat like many (changeable) logic gates that can be inter-wired in (many) different configurations. Logic blocks can be configured to perform complex combinational functions, or merely simple logic gates like AND and XOR. In most FPGAs, the logic blocks also include memory elements, which may be simple flip-flops or more complete blocks of memory. 现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）是一个集成的电路设计要配置的客户或设计师制造业因此后“现场可编程”。 FPGA 的配置一般是使用硬件描述语言（HDL），类似于一个应用特定的集成电路（ASIC）（电路图以前使用的指定的配置，因为它们是用于 ASIC，但是这是日益用于指定罕见的）。 FPGA 可用于实现任何逻辑功能的 ASIC 可以执行。更新后的功能航运的能力，部分重新配置的设计和较低的非经常性工程成本相对于 ASIC 设 allow the blocks advantages reconfigurable interconnects that to be

计（而不是站在普遍较高的单位成本),提供许多应用中的优势，为的部分。 FPGA 包含可编程逻辑元件被称为“逻辑块”，和可重构的层次结构的互连允许块的“有线”有点像许多（可变）的逻辑门，可以跨接线（许多）不同的配置一起。逻辑块可以被配置为执行复杂的组合功能，或只是简单的逻辑门，如 AND 和 XOR。在大多数的 FPGA，逻辑块还包括存储元件，其可以是简单的触发器或多个完整的内存块。 Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels. Digital circuits are the most common physical representation of Boolean algebra and are the basis of all digital computers. To most engineers,the terms "digital circuit", "digital system" and "logic" are interchangeable in circuit", the context of digital circuits. In most cases the number of different states of a node is two, represented by two voltage levels labeled "Low"(0) and "High"(1). Often "Low" will be near and zero volts and "High" will be at a depending on the supply voltage in use. Computers, electronic clocks, and higher level programmable logic controllers (used to control industrial processes) are Processors constructed of digital circuits. Digital Signal Processors are another another example. 数字电路的电路，基于离散的电压电平上的数量。数字电路是最常见的物理表示和布尔代数和全数字化的计算机的基础。大多数工程师的，术语“数字电路”，“数字系统” 和“逻辑”是可以互换的电路中，数字电路的上下文中，在大多数情况下，一个节点的不同的状态的数目是两个，表示由两个电压电平标记为“低”（0）和“高（1）”通常“低” 将是接近零伏和“高”将是在一个较高的水平取决于在使用上的电源电压。电脑，电子钟表，和可编程逻辑控制器（用于控制工业过程）是用数字电路构成的处理器，数字信号处理器是另一个例子。 Resistive random-access memory is a new non-volatile memory type being developed by many companies . The basic idea is that a dielectric, which is normally insulating, can be made to conduct through a filament or conduction path formed after application of a sufficiently high voltage. The conduction path formation can arise from different mechanisms, including defects, metal migration, etc. Once the filament is formed, it may be reset (broken, resulting in high resistance) or set (reformed, resulting in lower resistance) by an appropriately applied voltage. Recent data suggest that many current paths, rather than a several different types of RRAM. For single filament, are probably involved. There are random access type memories, a transistor type architecture is preferred while the cross-point architecture and the diode architecture open the path toward stacking memory layers on top of each other and therefore are ideally suited for mass storage devices. The switching mechanism itself can be classified in different dimensions. First there are effects switching from the low to the high resistance level (reset where the polarity between operation) is reversed compared to the switching between the high and the low resistance level (set operation). These effects are called bipolar switching effects. On the contrary, there are also unipolar switching effects where both set and reset operations require the same

polarity, but different voltage magnitude. 电阻式随机存取记忆体是许多公司正在开发一种新的非挥发性记忆体类型。基本的想法是，一个电介质，这通常是绝缘的，可以通过应用的足够高的电压后形成的长丝或传导路径进行。一旦形成长丝，形成的导通路径，可以产生不同的机制，包括缺陷，金属迁移，等，它可能是复位（破碎，导致高电阻）或一组（改性，从而导致较低的电阻），通过适当地施加电压。最近的数据表明，许多当前的路径，而不是一个单一的长丝，可能参与。有几种不同类型的 RRAM。对于随机接入类型的存储器，晶体管类型的体系结构是优选的，而交叉点的体系结构和二极管结构朝向彼此的顶部上堆叠存储器层打开的路径，因此，非常适合于大容量存储设备。切换机构本身可以被划分为不同的尺寸。首先有效果相比的高和低电阻的电平（设定操作）之间的切换，其中从低切换到高电阻状态（复位操作）之间的极性是相反的。这些效果被称为双极开关的影响。相反，也有单极开关都设置和复位操作的效果，也就是需要相同的极性，但不同的电压幅值。 A solar cell is a solid state electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. solar cell development is often considered to have taken place in three successive generations ， although one of them ， the thrid is still undergoing research and is not fully developed future.The first generation technologies are the most commonly used ones in commercial production and account for nearly 90% of all cells produced.They are often described as high-cost and high-efficiency. They involve high energy and labor inputs, which has prevented major progress in reducing production costs. These solar cells are manufactured from silicon semiconduc-tors and use a single junction for extracting energy from photons( 光子 ). They are approaching the theoretical limiting efficiency of 33% and achieve cost parity with fossil fuel energy generation after a pay-back period of 5–7 years.The second generation of solar cells is often described have been and production costs of specifically developed to address first-generation cells. These include copper–indium–gallium–selenide 铜铟镓硒 , cadmium–telluride 碲化镉, amorphous silicon 非晶硅 and micromorph silicon 微晶硅. Alternative man-ufacturing techniques, such as vapor deposition 气相沉积, electroplating 电镀 and use of ultrasonic nozzles 超声波喷嘴 are used to reduce needs for energy-intensive production processes significantly.Second-generation solar cells have the potential to become more cost effective than fossil fuels. 一种太阳能电池，是一种固态的电气装置，转换光的能量直接转化为电能的厂愿光伏 as low-cost and low-efficiency. Second-generation materials energy requirements 效应。通常被认为是太阳能电池的发展已经发生了连续三代，但其中一人，三阶精度仍处于研究并没有得到充分发展未来。第一代技术是最常用的商业化生产，占近 90％的所有细胞产生。他们经常被描述为高成本和高效率的。他们涉及高能耗和劳动力投入，降低生产成本，防止重大进展。这些太阳能电池的制造，从硅半导体，和用于提

取从光子的能量使用单结。他们正在接近理论极限效率为 33％，并实现与化石燃料发电成本平价后回收期为 5-7 年。第二代太阳能电池通常被描述为低成本，低效率的。第二代材料已专门开发，以解决能源需求和生产成本的第一代细胞。这些包括铜 - 铟 - 镓 - 硒，镉 - 碲，无定形硅和微晶硅的硅。替代的人制造技术，如汽相淀积，电镀和使用超声波喷嘴用于能源密集型的生产过程的需求显着减少。第二代太阳能电池有可能成为比化石燃料更符合成本效益。 Optoelectronic ,the technology dealing with information processing with light,has been around for along time . However, over the last fifteen years or so it has acquired a new potency, providing us products that could not have been possible without optoelectronics. Examples of these products are the compact disc players,optical communication systems; laptop portable computers,·personal, video cameras, laser printers,and so on. In all of these products,.the optoelectronic component, whether it is a semiconductor laser, optical fiber or a liquid crystal display, .has played a key role in bringing the product to the market place. It is widely information processing,optoelectronic-based products will have a global market share in 2010 which is comparable to the integrated-circuit-based market share. This would mean a twenty-fold increase in the market from the value of about ten billion dollars in 1995. This important market is projected to be dominated by:(1)light-emitting devices based on semiconductors, the light emitting diode and the laser diode; (2) light detection and imaging devices, such.as photodiode and charge coupled devices; (3) light transmission devices, such as optical fibers and dielectric waveguides; (.4) light display devices,such as liquid crystals. 光电，光信息处理的技术处理，一直沿着时间。然而，在过去的十五年左右的时间， importance expected the increasing of that due to 它已经收购了新的效能，为我们提供产品已经不能没有光电。例子这些产品的光盘播放机，光通信系统;笔记本电脑的便携式计算机、个人、摄像机、激光打印机等等。在所有的这些产品中，光电组件，它是否是一个半导体激光器，光纤或液体液晶显示器，起到了关键作用，使产品的市场占有一席之地。人们普遍预计，由于越来越多的信息处理，光电为基础的产品的重要性将有一个全球性的市场份额在 2010 年，这是相媲美的集成电路为基础的市场份额。这将意味着 20 倍增加在市场上的价值约一亿美元于 1995 年。这个重要的市场预计是占主导地位的条件:(1)基于半导体，发光二极管和激光二极管的发光装置，(2)光检测和成像设备，such.as 光电二极管，电荷耦合器件(3)光传输设备，如光纤和介电波导;光(4)的显示设备，如液晶。 A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates data,and provides output in a useful format. While a computer can, in theory, be made out of almost anything (see misconceptions section), and mechanical examples of computers have existed through much of recorded human history, the first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945). Originally, they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).[1] Modern computers

based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.[2] Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and can be powered by a small battery. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "computers". However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous. 计算机是一种可编程的机器，接收的输入，存储和操纵数据，个并提供了一有用的格式输出。从理论上讲，当一台计算机可以做出来的几乎任何东西（见误解一节），和机械计算机的例子已经存在的记录的人类历史，第一台电子计算机的发展在 20 世纪中期（1940-1945 ）。原来，他们是一个大房间的大小，大的权力，几百现代个人计算机（PC）的消耗。[1]现代计算机集成电路的基础上数以百万计的数十亿倍以上的处理能力比早期的机器，并占据了部分足够小，以适应移动设备的空间。[2]简单的计算机，并且可以由一个小型电池供电。在各种形式的个人电脑是信息时代的图标，大多数人认为的“电脑”。然而，在很多设备中的嵌入式电脑，结果发现，从 MP3 播放器到战斗机和工业机器人玩具是最众多。 A semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity due to electron flow (as opposed to ionic conductivity) intermediate in magnitude between that of a conductor and an insulator. This means conductivity roughly in the range of 103 to 10−8 Siemens per centimeter. Semiconductor materials are the foundation of modern electronics,including radio, computers, telephones, and many other devices. Such devices include transistors, solar cells,many kinds of diodes including the light-emitting diode, the silicon controlled rectifier, and digital and analog integrated circuits. similarly, semiconductor solar photovoltaic panels directly convert light energy into electrical energy. In a metallic conductor, current is carried by the flow of electrons. In semiconductors, current can be carried either by the flow of electrons or by the flow of positively-charged "holes" in the electron structure of the material. Common semiconducting materials are crystalline solids but amorphous and liquid semiconductors are known, such as mixtures of arsenic, selenium and tellurium in a variety of proportions. 半导体是具有导电性的材料由于电子流（如相对于离子导电性）的大小的导体和绝缘体之间的中间体。这意味着电导率大约在 10^3 至 10^-8 西门子每厘米的范围内。半导体材料是基础，现代电子技术，包括无线电，电脑，电话，和许多其他设备。这样的设备包括晶体管，太阳能电池，发光二极管，硅可控整流器，以及数字和模拟集成电路包括许多种二极管。同样，半导体太阳能光伏板直接将光能转换成电能。在金属导体中，电流由电子的流动进行。在半导体中，电流可以进行通过电子的流动，或由带正电的“洞”的材料中的电子结构的流动。普通的半导体材料是结晶固体，但无定形的和液体的半导体是已知的，如砷，硒和碲中的各种比例的混合物。 The radio-frequency (RF) power amplifier (PA) is one of the key components of transceiver

front-ends for modern wireless communication systems, RADAR, and electronic countermeasure. Its stability is necessary for system working and its linearity directly affects the performance of non-constant envelope modulation system. Thus the linearization and stabilization of RF PAs are always the hotspot and difficulty of RF electronic research. The linearity and stability of RF PAs for wireless communication are analyzed in this dissertation. The principal contributions of this dissertation include: The envelope elimination and restoration (EER) technique has been widely applied to improve the efficiency and the linearity of RF PAs simultaneously. A new method is proposed to analyze the intermodulation distortion (IMD) of RF PAs with EER. A general simplified model for IMD is founded which varies with the bandwidth of envelope path and the differential delay between envelope and phase signals, and overcomes the limitation of Raab’s model which can only solve such two specific instances as zero differential delay and infinite bandwidth of envelope path. A contour map derived from the general model in this dissertation is helpful for the designers to choose circuit parameters quickly and accurately. A novel adaptive delay-control method, implemented in the baseband, is presented to improve the linearity of RF PAs with EER. This method can be applied to the linearization of wideband PAs and makes the RF PAs easy to meet the spectral mask specification of IEEE 802.11b wireless communication systems with 11MHz-bandwith effectively. The relationship between the compensated delay and the bandwidth of envelope signal and envelope path comes out by the analysis for loop model. Based on deep sub-micron CMOS technology, the stability of PA operated beyond large signal is analyzed by system identification method. The sub-harmonic oscillation is eliminated by feedback network which removes the unstable poles of PA. The PAs are fabricated with and without stabilization circuit respectively. Based on the test results, this dissertation analyzes the effects on stability due to circuit parameter fluctuation, especially on potential sub-harmonic oscillation of PAs in deep sub-micron technology. 射频功率放大器是现代无线通信、雷达、电子对抗等系统收发前端的关键组件之一,它的稳定工作是系统正常运行的必要条件,它的线性度直接影响非恒定包络调制系统的性能,所以射频功率放大器的线性化和稳定性始终是射频电子学研究的热点和难点。本论文研究了用于无线通信的射频功率放大器的线性化和稳定性,完成了以下工作: 1)包络消除与恢复技术能同时提高射频功率放大器的效率和线性度,本文提出了一种新的分析其交调失真的方法,建立了交调失真随包络通道带宽和包络相位延时差变化的通用简化模型,该简化模型克服了 Raab 模型只能处理零延时差和无穷包络通道带宽这两个特例的局限性;采用本文模型得出的交调失真等高线图还可以帮助设计者快速准确地选择电路参数。 2)针对包络消除与恢复结构的特点,提出了一种全新的在基带进行自适应调整延时的线性化方法,这种方法适用于宽带功率放大器的线性化,对于信号带宽为 11MHz 的 IEEE 802.11b 宽带无线通信系统,根据这种线性化方法设计的射频功率放大器,能有

效达到系统谱罩要求。通过对环路模型的分析,可以得到延时补偿值与包络信号带宽、包络通道带宽等之间的关系。 3)基于深亚微米 CMOS 工艺,运用系统辨识的方法分析了射频功率放大器在大信号模式下的稳定性问题,运用反馈网络,消除了射频功率放大器的的不稳定极点,进而消除了可能出现的分谐波振荡。4)使用 0.18μm 的 CMOS 工艺, 分别设计了带稳定电路和不带稳定电路的功率放大器,根据测试结果,分析了深亚微米工艺下电路参数变化对整个功率放大器稳定性特别是对潜在的分谐波振荡的影响。【11-12-3】量子光学 With the development of photovoltaic (PV) technologies, applications of photovoltaic have grown rapidly, indicating that the photovoltaic are attractive to produce environmentally benign electricity for diversified purposes 多元化的目的 . In order to maximize the use of solar energy, this thesis focuses on the PV power generation systems, which includes modeling of PV systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods for PV arrays.The modeling of PV arrays is the base of research on PV systems. This thesis presents simulation model of PV arrays based on the output characteristics formulas. It can be directly applied in circuit simulation and system analysis.Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method is an important means to improve the system efficiency of PV power generation system. MPPT theory and various MPPT algorithms are introduced in the literature （文献） . Furthermore, this article analyzes the principle of boost circuit and impedance transformation characteristic 阻抗变换特性 in stand-alone（独立的） PV system with MPPT technology applications. The simulation study of boost circuit applied in the MPPT is completed based on Simulink simulation model. Based on those researches, this thesis proposes a novel implementation（实现） of an adaptive duty cycle P&O algorithm 自适应占空比 P＆O 算法 that can reduce the main drawbacks commonly related to the traditional P&O method, at the same time, the simulation results verify that the novel MPPT algorithm can track PV array‘s MPP efficient, even under the circumstance of isolation 隔离 level, ambient temperature changing rapidly 环境温度急剧变化光伏发电技术和产业不仅是当今能源的一个重要补充,更具备成为未来主要能源来源的潜力。本论文以太阳能发电系统为研究对象,以最大限度利用太阳能为主要目标,开展了太阳能独立光伏发电系统最大功率点跟踪控制的理论和仿真研究。光伏阵列输出特性是光伏发电系统研究中的最基本问题。本文在光伏阵列输出特性方程的基础上,运用 Matlab/Simulink 建立基于 M 函数的光伏阵列仿真模型,克服了单纯用 Simulink 元件库建立光伏阵列模型过程复杂的缺点,为实现系统仿真、指导理论研究和系统设计提供了基础保证。最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)方法是光伏发电系统中提高系统效率的重要手段。本文在介绍光伏阵列输出特性及其仿真模型的基础上提出了最大功率点跟踪的方法和原理并介绍常见 MPPT 方法。建立了以 Boost 电路为核心实现独立光伏发电系统 MPPT 的仿真模型,利用该模型不需要精确的内部电路特性和相关参数,就可以实时模拟光伏阵列及其 MPPT 的实现。在此基础上,针对固定步长干扰观察法存在的问题,提出了一种改进的自适应变步长干扰观察 MPPT 方法。并对此算法运用 Matlab/Simulink 进行仿真。

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福州大学物信学院考研专业英语翻译历年真题1.doc

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