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Optical Design for Visual Systems.pdf

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    Front Matter
    Introduction to the Series
    Preface
    Table of Contents
    1. Introduction
    2. The Eye
    2.1 General
    2.2 Eye Model
    2.3 Spot-Size Analysis
    2.4 The Retina
    2.5 Image Quality
    2.6 Normal Vision
    2.7 Peripheral Vision
    2.8 Review and Summary
    3. Magnification and Vision
    3.1 Introduction
    3.2 Near Object Standard
    3.3 Loupe Magnification
    3.4 Microscope Magnification
    3.5 Distant Object Magnification
    3.6 Photographic Systems
    3.7 Video Systems
    3.8 Review and Summary
    4. The Magnifier - Design
    4.1 Introduction
    4.2 The Biconvex Magnifier
    4.3 The Doublet Magnifier
    4.4 The Triplet Magnifier
    4.5 The Symmetrical Two-Doublet Magnifier
    4.6 Resolution
    4.7 Review and Summary
    5. The Eyepiece - Design
    5.1 Introduction
    5.2 The Generic Eyepiece
    5.3 The Huygenian Eyepiece
    5.4 The Ramsden Eyepiece
    5.5 The Kellner Eyepiece
    5.6 The RKE Eyepiece
    5.7 The Orthoscopic Eyepiece
    5.8 The Symmetrical Eyepiece
    5.9 The Erfle Eyepiece
    5.10 The Scidmore Eyepiece
    5.11 The RKE Wide-Angle Eyepiece
    5.12 Eyepiece Focus
    5.13 Eyepiece with the Eye
    5.14 Review and Summary
    6. The Microscope - Design
    6.1 Introduction
    6.2 Basic System Specifications
    6.3 Resolution Goals and Limits
    6.4 10× Objective, Starting Lens Form
    6.5 New 10× Objective Design
    6.6 Adding the Eyepiece
    6.7 Performance Evaluation
    6.8 Review and Summary
    7. The Telescope - Design
    7.1 Introduction
    7.2 The Astronomical Telescope
    7.3 Resolution Goals and Limits
    7.4 The Terrestrial Telescope
    7.5 Resolution Goals and Limits
    7.6 Review and Summary
    8. The Borescope - Design
    8.1 Introduction
    8.2 General Optical Configuration
    8.3 Objective Lens Design
    8.4 Common Relay Lens Design
    8.5 Final Relay Lens Design
    8.6 Eyepiece Selection
    8.7 Magnification Evaluation
    8.8 Review and Summary
    9. The Submarine Periscope - Design
    9.1 Introduction
    9.2 General Optical Configuration
    9.3 Objective Lens Design
    9.4 Relay Lens Pair Design
    9.5 Visual Performance Analysis
    9.6 True Resolution Gain
    9.7 Review and Summary
    10. Biocular Design
    10.1 Introduction
    10.2 Biocular Eyepiece
    10.3 Head-up Display 䠀唀䐀
    10.4 Review and Summary
    11. Review and of Design Summary Concepts
    11.1 Introduction
    11.2 The Model Eye
    11.3 Model Eye Resolution
    11.4 Visual Magnification
    11.5 Other Visual Instruments
    11.6 Conclusion
    References
    Index
    A
    B
    C
    D
    E
    F
    G
    H
    I
    J
    K
    L
    M
    N
    O
    P
    R
    S
    T
    U
    V
    W
    Z
    OPTICAL DESIGN for VISUAL SYSTEMS Bruce H. Walker Tutorial Texts in Optical Engineering Volume TT45 Arthur R. Weeks, Jr., Series Editor Invivo Research Inc. and University of Central Florida A Publication of SPIE-The SPIE PRESS International Society for Optical Engineering Bellingham, Washington USA
    Introduction to the Series The Tutorial Texts series was initiated in 1989 as a way to make the material presented in SPIE short courses available to those who couldn’t attend and to provide a reference book for those who could. Typically, short course notes are developed with the thought in mind that supporting material will be presented verbally to complement the notes, which are generally written in summary form, highlight key techrucal topics, and are not intended as stand-alone documents. Additionally, the figures, tables, and other graphically formatted information included with the notes require further explanation given in the instructor’s lecture. As stand-alone documents, short course notes do not generally serve the student or reader well. Many of the Tutorial Texts have thus started as short course notes subsequently expanded into books. The goal of the series is to provide readers with books that cover focused technical interest areas in a tutorial fashion. What separates the books in this series from other technical monographs and textbooks is the way in which the material is presented. Keeping in mind the tutorial nature of the series, many of the topics presented in these texts are followed by detailed examples that further explain the concepts presented. Many pictures and illustrations are included with each text, and where appropriate tabular reference data are also included. To date, the texts published in this series have encompassed a wide range of topics, from geometrical optics to optical detectors to image processing. Each proposal is evaluated to determine the relevance of the proposed topic. This initial reviewing process has been very helpful to authors in identifying, early in the writing process, the need for additional material or other changes in approach that serve to strengthen the text. Once a manuscript is completed, it is peer reviewed to ensure that chapters communicate accurately the essential ingredients of the processes and technologies under discussion. During the past nine years, my predecessor, Donald C. OShea, has done an excellent job in building the Tutorial Texts series, which now numbers over forty books. It has expanded to include not only texts developed by short course instructors but also those written by other topic experts. It is my goal to maintain the style and quality of books in the series, and to further expand the topic areas to include emerging as well as mature subjects in optics, photonics, and imaging. Arthur R. Weeks, Jr. Invivo Research Inc. and University of Central Florida
    ContentsForeword / xiPreface / xiiiAcknowledgements / xvChapter 1 Introduction /1Chapter 2 The Eye /32.1General / 32.2Eye Model / 32.3Spot-Size Analysis / 62.4The Retina / 72.5Image Quality / 82.6Normal Vision / 82.7Peripheral Vision / 112.8Review and Summary / 11Chapter 3 Magnification and Vision / 153.1 Introduction / 153.2 Near Object Standard / 153.3 Loupe Magnification / 163.4 Microscope Magnification / 193.5 Distant Object Magnification / 213.6 Photographic Systems / 243.7 Video Systems / 263.8 Review and Summary / 28Chapter 4 The Magnifier-Design / 294.1 Introduction / 294.2 The Biconvex Magnifier / 294.3 The Doublet Magnifier / 314.4 The Triplet Magnifier / 394.5 The Symmetrical Two-Doublet Magnifier / 434.6 Resolution / 434.7 Review and Summary / 45vii
    V11Í ContentsChapter 5 The Eyepiece-Design / 475.1 Introduction / 475.2 The Generic Eyepiece / 475.3 The Huygenian Eyepiece / 495.4 The Ramsden Eyepiece / 495.5 The Kellner Eyepiece / 525.6 The RKE Eyepiece / 525.7 The Orthoscopic Eyepiece / 525.8 The Symmetrical Eyepiece / 565.9 The Erfle Eyepiece / 565.10 The Scidmore Eyepiece / 565.11 The RKE Wide-Angle Eyepiece / 605.12 Eyepiece Focus / 605.13 Eyepiece with the Eye / 625.14 Review and Summary / 67Chapter 6 The Microscope-Design / 696.1 Introduction / 696.2 Basic System Specifications / 696.3 Resolution Goals and Limits / 706.4 10x Objective, Starting Lens Form / 716.5 New 10x Objective Design / 746.6 Adding the Eyepiece / 746.7 Performance Evaluation / 776.8 Review and Summary / 81Chapter 7 The Telescope-Design / 837.1 Introduction / 837.2 The Astronomical Telescope / 837.3 Resolution Goals and Limits / 847.4 The Terrestrial Telescope / 937.5 Resolution Goals and Limits / 947.6 Review and Summary / 95Chapter 8 The Borescope-Design / 1018.1 Introduction / 1018.2 General Optical Configuration / 1018.3 Objective Lens Design / 103
    Contents ix8.4 Common Relay Lens Design / 1068.5 Final Relay Lens Design / 1098.6 Eyepiece Selection / 1098.7 Magnification Evaluation / 1148.8 Review and Summary / 115Chapter 9 The Submarine Periscope—Design /1179.1 Introduction / 1179.2 General Optical Configuration / 1179.3 Objective Lens Design / 1199.4 Relay Lens Pair Design / 1269.5 Visual Performance Analysis / 1299.6 True Resolution Gain / 1349.7 Review and Summary / 137Chapter 10 Biocular Design / 13910.1 Introduction / 13910.2 Biocular Eyepiece / 13910.3 Head-Up Display (HUD) / 14710.4 Review and Summary / 148Chapter 11 Review and Summary of Design Concepts /15111.1 Introduction / 15111.2 The Model Eye / 15111.3 Model Eye Resolution / 15111.4 Visual Magnification / 15211.5 Other Visual Instruments / 15311.6 Conclusion / 153References / 155Index / 157
    ForewordThe optical design of visual systems inherently has many subtletiesassociated with the task. In effect, we are coupling a manufacturedoptical system of glass and/or plastic lenses to the human eye. The eye isin effect a camera with a lens and a sensor, similar to a film or digitalcamera, with the retina being the analog of the film or CCD. Thesubtleties include pupil matching, gimbaling or rotating the eye, eye reliefor clearance, eye pupil diameter, and of course matters relating toresolution and visual acuity.Bruce Walker has brought all of these design issues to the reader in thisnew book. You will learn about simple to complex visual optical systems,including the more basic magnifiers and eyepieces, as well as morecomplex and complete optical systems and instruments such asmicroscopes, telescopes, periscopes, borescopes, and more.While you may not design visual optical systems every day, this is a bookyou should have on your shelf, so that when the need comes up, you willbe able to effectively cut through the mystique and proceed with the taskat hand.Robert E. FischerAugust 2000XI
    PrefaceIn the field of optical engineering there exists a complete genre ofinstruments that are intended to be used with the human eye as the finalsystem sensor. The optical design of such instruments involves a uniqueapproach, dealing with a special set of requirements and design methods.This book will provide the reader with a basic understanding of thesemethods and the reasons behind them.Initial chapters will deal with the human eye, its unique designcharacteristics and its function. A mathematical model of the eye, closelysimulating the dimensions and performance of the typical eye, andsuitable for computer analysis, will be generated. Computer simulationand analysis will be used to establish a baseline of performance for thiseye model. This analysis of the visual system includes the use of an AerialImage Modulation (AIM) curve, which describes the performance of thevisual sensor, i.e., the eye's retina. While generation of this AIM curve hasinvolved some assumptions, it has been based on known characteristicsof the retina. Results found when combining the Modulation TransferFunction (MTF) of the model eye with this AIM curve are consistent withthe resolving capability of the typical visual system. This will permitperformance comparisons in later chapters to determine the effectivenessof a variety of designs. Some time will be spent on describing the variousreasons for the introduction of optical instruments that are intended toenhance the performance of the naked eye.The simple magnifier (loupe), the eyepiece, and the microscoperepresent the most basic tier of optical designs for visual applicationswhere near objects are being viewed. When viewing objects at greatdistances, the eyepiece is combined with an objective lens to form atelescope design. Several telescope designs will be developed anddescribed in some detail. Design procedures will illustrate how thesetelescope designs are modified to make them suitable for a variety ofapplications.In a number of unusual applications, it is required that a relativelylarge distance exist between the objective and the eyepiece of a telescopedesign. The basic submarine periscope and the field of industrial andmedical borescope design will be discussed in order to demonstrate theinteresting and unique aspects of these instruments.Finally, the topic of biocular lens designs will be touched upon. In abiocular design the optics must be configured such that a common objectxiii
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