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    NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS Networking Fundamentals: Wide, Local and Personal Area Communications Kaveh Pahlavan and Prashant Krishnamurthy © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-99289-0
    NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS Wide, Local and Personal Area Communications KAVEH PAHLAVAN Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA PRASHANT KRISHNAMURTHY University of Pittsburgh, USA
    This edition first published 2009 # 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pahlavan, Kaveh, 1951- Networking fundamentals : wide, local, and personal area communications / Kaveh Pahlavan. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-99289-0 (cloth) – ISBN 978-0-470-99290-6 (pbk.) 1. Computer networks. I. Title. TK5105.5.P343 2009 004.6–dc22 2009004131 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 9780470992890 (H/B) 9780470992906 (PBK) Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Thomson Digital, Noida, India. Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe, Chippenham, UK
    CONTENTS About the Authors Preface 1 Introduction to Information Networks 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Elements of Information Networks 1.1.2 Chronology of Information Networks 1.1.3 1.1.4 Evolution of Long-Haul Multiplexing Standards Standards Organizations for Information Networking 1.2 Evolution of Wide-Area Networks 1.2.1 Evolution of the Public Switched Telephone Network 1.2.2 Emergence of the Internet 1.2.3 HFC Infrastructure for Cable TV 1.2.4 Evolution of Cellular Telephone Networks 1.3 Evolution of Local Networks 1.3.1 Evolution of Local Access to Public Switched Telephone Network 1.3.2 Evolution of the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet 1.3.3 Evolution of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local-Area Network 1.3.4 1.3.5 Evolution of IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal-Area Internet Access to Home and IEEE 802.16 Networks 1.4 Structure of the Book Questions Project 1 PART ONE: FUNDAMENTALS OF TRANSMISSION AND ACCESS 2 Characteristics of the Medium Introduction 2.1 2.2 Guided Media 2.2.1 Twisted Pair xiii xv 1 1 3 5 7 10 13 14 15 17 17 18 19 21 22 24 28 30 31 32 33 35 35 36 38 v
    vi CONTENTS 2.2.2 Coaxial Cables 2.2.3 Optical Fiber 2.3 Wireless Media Path-Loss Modeling and Signal Coverage Path-Loss Models for Indoor Areas Path-Loss Models for Outdoor Areas 2.3.1 Radio Propagation Mechanisms 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 Effects of Multipath and Doppler 2.3.6 Emerging Channel Models Questions Problems Project 1: Simulation of Multipath Fading Project 2: The RSS in IEEE 802.11 Project 3: Coverage and Data Rate Performance of the IEEE 802.11B/G WLANs 3 Fundamentals of Physical Layer Transmission 3.1 Information Transmission 3.1.1 Wired and Wireless Transmission 3.1.2 Baseband Transmission 3.2 Transmission Techniques and Signal Constellation Signal Constellation in Digital Communications 3.2.1 Multisymbol Digital Communications 3.2.2 3.2.3 Two-Dimensional Signal Constellations 3.2.4 Channel Capacity 3.3 Performance of the Physical Layer 3.3.1 Effects of Fading on Performance over Wireless Channels 3.3.2 Diversity Techniques 3.4 Wideband Modems Space–Time Coding Spread-Spectrum Transmissions 3.4.1 3.4.2 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 3.4.3 3.4.4 Capacity Multiple-Input–Multiple-Output Antenna Systems Questions Problems Projects 4 Coding and Reliable Packet Transmission Introduction 4.1 4.2 Source Coding and Framing Techniques Information Source and Coding Framing Techniques 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.3 FEC Coding Fundamentals of Coding 4.3.1 4.3.2 Block Codes 4.3.3 Convolutional Codes 4.3.4 Codes for Manipulating Data 42 45 48 49 50 56 60 62 68 72 73 77 78 79 83 83 84 87 89 90 91 94 100 102 105 107 109 110 115 117 118 119 120 123 125 125 127 127 130 132 132 136 141 145
    4.4 Coding for Spread-Spectrum and Code-Division Multiple Access Systems 4.4.1 4.4.2 M-ary Orthogonal Codes Pseudo Noise Codes 4.5 ARQ Schemes Stop and Wait 4.5.1 4.5.2 Go-Back-N 4.5.3 4.5.4 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request Selective-Repeat Automatic Repeat Request 4.6 Flow Control Protocols Stop and Wait Sliding Window 4.6.1 4.6.2 Questions Problems 5 Medium Access Methods Introduction 5.1 5.2 Centralized Assigned Access Schemes Frequency-Division Multiple Access 5.2.1 5.2.2 Time-Division Multiple Access 5.2.3 Code-Division Multiple Access 5.2.4 Comparison of Code-, Time-, and Frequency-Division Multiple Access Performance of Assigned Access Methods 5.2.5 5.3 Distributed Random Access Schemes 5.4 5.3.1 Random Access Methods for Data Services 5.3.2 Access Methods for Local-Area Networks 5.3.3 Performance of Random Access Methods Integration of Voice and Data Traffic 5.4.1 Access Methods for Integrated Services 5.4.2 Data Integration in Voice-Oriented Networks 5.4.3 Voice Integration into Data-Oriented Networks Questions Problems Projects PART TWO: WIDE-AREA NETWORKS 6 The Internet 6.1 Introduction: Internet Infrastructure 6.1.1 Fundamentals of Packet Forwarding 6.2 Addressing ISDN Addressing in Connection-Based PSTN 6.2.1 6.2.2 MAC Addressing in Connectionless 6.2.3 Local-Area Networks IP Addressing in the Connectionless Internet CONTENTS vii 147 148 149 151 151 153 153 154 155 156 158 159 159 165 165 167 168 171 174 177 180 184 184 191 196 205 205 205 211 217 218 222 225 227 227 229 230 231 233 235
    viii CONTENTS 6.3 Quality of Service 6.3.1 Quality of Service in Connection-Based Networks 6.3.2 Quality of Service in Connectionless Networks 6.4 Bridges Standardization and Bridges IEEE 802.1D Transparent Bridges 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 The Spanning-Tree Algorithm 6.4.4 6.4.5 IEEE 802.5 Source Routing Bridging IEEE 802.1Q Virtual Local-Area Network 6.5 Switches 6.5.1 Circuit Switching in Public Switched Telephone 6.5.2 6.5.3 Network Integrated Service Data Network Switching Packet Switching over Public Switched Telephone Network 6.5.4 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 6.6 Routers 6.6.1 Types of Router 6.6.2 Network Protocols for Routers 6.6.3 Routing Algorithms 6.6.4 Multiprotocol Label Switching Questions Problems Project 1: Client-Server Programming 7 Cellular Networks 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 The Cellular Concept 7.1.2 Cellular Hierarchy 7.2 General Architecture of a Cellular Network 7.2.1 Mobile Stations 7.2.2 The Base Station Subsystem 7.2.3 The Network and Switching Subsystem 7.3 Mechanisms to Support a Mobile Environment 7.3.1 Registration 7.3.2 Call Establishment 7.3.3 Handoff 7.3.4 Security 7.4 Protocol Stack in Cellular Networks 7.4.1 Layer 1: Physical Layer 7.4.2 Layer 2: Data Link Layer 7.4.3 Layer 3: Networking Layer 7.5 Physical Layer in TDMA Air Interface 7.5.1 Modulation Technique 7.5.2 7.5.3 Power and Power Control Physical Packet Bursts 239 240 241 242 244 244 246 250 250 251 252 252 253 254 260 262 264 269 275 277 278 280 281 282 282 285 286 288 288 289 290 290 291 293 295 297 298 299 300 302 302 304 304
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