Radio Frequency Propagation Made Easy.pdf

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Preface

Contents

Chapter-1

Introduction to Radio Frequency

1.1 Tracing the History

1.2 Electromagnetic Wave

1.2.1 The Electric Field

1.2.2 Electric and Magnetic Fields

1.2.3 Mechanism of Electro Magnetic Radiation

1.2.4 How to Intercept Electro Magnetic Radiation

1.3 Antenna Basics

1.3.1 Dipole Antenna

1.3.2 Uniformly Excited Linear Array Antenna

1.3.3 Non-uniformly Excited Linear Array Antenna

1.3.4 Side Lobe Cancellation in Non-uniformly Excited Linear Array Antennas

1.3.5 Radiation Patterns of Commercial Antennas

1.3.6 Antenna Gain

1.3.7 Antenna Beam Width

1.3.8 Front To Back Ratio

1.3.9 Frequency Response and Bandwidth

1.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter-2

Free Space Propagation

2.1 Free-Space Propagation in Time and Space

2.2 Derivation of Free Space Pathloss Formula

2.3 Free Space Path Loss Formula Exhibits Equation of Straight Line [4]

2.4 ERP and RSL

2.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter-3

Multipath Propagation

3.1 Introduction to Multipath

3.2 Effect of Fresnel Zone

3.3 The Existence of a Free Space Propagation Medium in Outdoor Propagation Environment

3.4 An Alternate Proof

3.5 The Existence of a Free Space Propagation Medium in Buildings and Shopping Malls

3.6 The Existence of a Free Space Propagation Medium in Tunnels and Subways

3.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter-4

Empirical Propagation Models

4.1 Empirical Propagation Models

4.2 Okumura-Hata Urban and Dense Urban Model Exhibits an Equation of Straight Line

4.3 Okumura-Hata Suburban & Rural Model Exhibits an Equation of Straight Line

4.4 Walfisch-Ikegami Line of Sight (LOS) Model Exhibits an Equation of Straight Line

4.4.1 Walfisch-Ikegami Non Line of Sight (NLOS) Model Exhibits Equation of Straight Line

4.5 Lee Model

4.6 Radio Frequency Deployment Guidelines

4.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter-5

Statistical Analysis in RF Engineering

5.1 Why Statistical Analysis?

5.2 Regression Analysis

5.3 Prediction of Random Data with Confidence

5.3.1 Problem 5.1

5.3.2 Solution 5.1

5.4 Drive Test, Data Collection and Statistical Analysis

5.4.1 Problem 5.2: Cell Design With 50 % Confidence Level

5.4.2 Solution 5.2:

5.4.3 Problem 5.3: Cell Design With 90 % Confidence Level

5.4.4 Solution 5.3:

5.5 A PC Based RF Planning Tool: A Student Project

5.5.1 Background

5.5.2 Choice of Propagation Model

5.5.3 Description of the CAD Project

5.5.4 Step-By-Step Design Process

5.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter-6

Radio Frequency Coverage: The Cell

6.1 Introduction

6.2 The Concept of Cell

6.3 The Distance Between Two Hexagonal Cells

6.4 Frequency Reuse and C/I

6.4.1 C/I Due to a Single Interferer

6.4.2 C/I Due to Multiple Interferers

6.5 Frequency Reuse

6.5.1 Basic Concept

6.5.2 Example of N = 7 OMNI Frequency Plan

6.5.3 Evaluation of Co-Channel Interference

6.5.4 Evaluation of Adjacent Channel Interference

6.6 120° Sectorization

6.6.1 Basic Concept

6.6.2 N = 7/21, 120° Sectorization Plan

6.6.3 N = 7/21, 120-Deg. Co-Channel Interference

6.7 N = 3 Tri-Cellular Plan

6.7.1 Alternate Channel Assignment

6.7.2 N = 3 Cyclic Distribution of Channels

6.7.3 N = 3 Co-Channel Interference

6.8 Conclusions

References

Chapter-7

Global RF & Co2 Pollution Transition to Green Cellular Technology

7.1 Introduction to Global RF and CO2 Pollution

7.2 Mechanism of RF Absorption

7.2.1 The Range of Frequencies We Absorb

7.2.2 An Instrument to Detect RF Absorption

7.2.3 Amount of Power We Absorb

7.2.4 Energy Efficient Cell Design

7.3 Green Cellular Technology

7.3.1 Background & Definition

7.3.2 Fresnel Zone Break Point & Cell Radii

7.3.3 The Green Cell

7.3.4 Green Cell Reuse & C/I

7.4 Green Cellular Hierarchy

7.4.1 Background

7.4.2 Microcell Deployment

7.4.3 Picocell Deployment

7.4.4 Femtocell Deployment

7.5 Conclusions

References

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Saleh Faruque Radio Frequency Propagation Made Easy 1 3

Saleh Faruque Department of Electrical Engineering University of North Dakota Grand Forks North Dakota USA Select figures, tables and equations remain ©1996 by Artech House, Inc. Faruque Saleh. Cellular Mobile Systems Engineering, Norwood, MA: Artech House Inc., 1996. Reprinted with permission. ISSN 2191-8112 SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering ISBN 978-3-319-11393-7 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-11394-4 ISSN 2191-8120 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-319-11394-4 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2014954243 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recita- tion, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or in- formation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publica- tion does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface Hello! Do you recognize me? I am the cell phone, sometimes also called the palm phone or mobile phone. Many of you have grown familiar with using me; but have you ever given a thought to what I am, and how I became so intimately involved in your world of communications? The story of my invention sounds almost like a fairy tale to today’s new generation. I was invented in the USA, in the eighties of the twentieth century. The history of my advent is crowded with momentous events (see Chap. 1). The scientific community believes that I came into being due to light experiments, which in turn led to the development of electromagnetic theory, fol- lowed by radio wave propagation and then to my being developed as a major com- munication device. I communicate through Radio frequency (RF), which is the rate of oscillation in the range of around 800 MHz–5.6 GHz. This brings us to the salient concept of the this book entitled “Radio Frequency Propagation Made Easy”. Radio frequency propagation made easy is a booklet that brings you up-to-date in key concepts, underlying principles and practical applications of wireless com- munications. This book has seven chapters comprising various aspects of radio wave propagation and its attributes. The contents of these chapters are briefly pre- sented below: In Chap. 1: • We have traced the historical background and have shown that the modern wireless communication system is due to a series of light experiments. • The mechanism and the underlying principle of electromagnetic radiation were presented with illustrations. provided. • The key concepts, underlying principles and construction of array antennas were • This material was very lucidly and simply presented, so as to be easy for readers to grasp. In Chap. 2: • We have derived the free-space path loss formula and have shown that it is proportional to the square of the distance. • Free space pathloss is also proportional to the square of the frequency. v

vi Preface • It is shown that free space pathloss exhibits an equation of a straight line, having a pathloss slope of 2. • We have defined the Effective Radiated Power (ERP) and the Received Signal Level (RSL) and have shown that RSL exhibits an equation of a straight line having a slope of − 2. In Chap. 3: • We have examined the Fresnel Zone Effects and various anomalies of RF propa- gation and have shown that there exists a free space propagation medium in multipath environments. • We have presented a two ray model for outdoor deployment and have shown that these propagation models also exhibit equation of straight line within the Fresnel zone break point. • We have also presented a two ray model for indoor deployment and a multrti ray propagation model • For tunnels and subways and have shown that these propagation models also exhibit equation of straight line within the Fresnel zone break point. • These findings indicate that cellular network based on Fresnel zone break point as the cell radii is an effective solution to reduce power and save energy. In Chap. 4: • We have presented a general overview of various empirical prediction models and have shown that these propagation models also exhibit equation of straight line within the Fresnel zone break point. • Although these predictions and measurement techniques are the foundation of today’s cellular services, they suffer from inaccuracies due to user defined clut- ter factors. These clutter factors arise due to numerous RF barriers which vary from place to place. It is practically impossible to accommodate all these fac- tors accurately. Cell site location is also a challenging engineering task because of regulations and restrictions imposed on some locations. Therefore cell sites have to be relocated from the predicted location, requiring best judgment of RF engineers. Thus we came to the conclusion that propagation prediction is a com- bination of science, engineering and art. An experienced RF engineer, willing to compromise between theory and practice, is expected to accomplish the most. In Chap. 5: • We have reviewed Statistical Analysis and showed that it is an important exer- cise to design and implement cellular base stations with reliability. • Presented regression analysis and showed that random data such as Received Signal Level (RSL) can be predicted with confidence. • Drive Test, Live air data collection & Data analysis techniques were presented. • A computer aided prediction technique was presented as a student project.

Preface vii In Chap. 6: • We have discussed radio Frequency coverage and provided the concept of cell • Rationalized the use of hexagonal cell geometry and calculated cell radius • Provided the concept of OMNI and Sectorized cells • Provided the concept of Cell cluster • Presented N = 7 frequency reuse plan and carrier to interference ratio (C/I) • Presented N = 3 frequency reuse plan and carrier to interference ratio (C/I) • Discussed the benefit of antenna down tilt and calculated the down tilt angle In Chap. 7: • We have discussed Global RF & CO2 Pollution connected to wireless communi- • The classical Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) is presented to show that there is a cations. possible • public health issues due to RF absorption. • It has also been argued that cell phone technology may contribute to global CO2 pollution, expected to rise due to high speed data communication. • With this in mind, we have presented a technique to design energy efficient green cellular technology, comprising Micro, Pico and Femto cells. My readers, in this book I’ve tried to present radio frequency propagation facts for you in easy language. If this book pleases you while it teaches, I shall be amply rewarded.

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